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Back中拉人权对话何以进行?——专访阿根廷拉努斯国立大学教授何广思
中拉人权对话何以进行?——专访阿根廷拉努斯国立大学教授何广思
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中国新闻网44 minutes agoPolitics11 min readChina

中拉人权对话何以进行?——专访阿根廷拉努斯国立大学教授何广思

第三届中拉人权圆桌会即将举行,阿根廷学者探讨中拉人权对话基础及全球治理

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第三届中拉人权圆桌会将在秘鲁利马举行。阿根廷拉努斯国立大学教授何广思接受中新社“东西问”专访,就现行国际秩序、中国发展与人权保障经验、中拉人权对话基础及联合研究议题阐述看法。

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第三届中拉人权圆桌会定于9月15日在秘鲁利马举行,探讨“多边主义与人权”主题。

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中新社北京9月9日电 题:中拉人权对话何以进行?

——专访阿根廷拉努斯国立大学教授何广思

中新社记者 陈欣怡

第三届中拉人权圆桌会将于9月15日在秘鲁利马举行。来自中国和20余个拉美国家百余位专家学者,将围绕“多边主义与人权”主题展开研讨。

当前国际秩序发生了怎样的变化,为全球人权治理带来何种挑战?中国和拉丁美洲国家在人权议题上开展对话存在哪些基础与可能性?阿根廷拉努斯国立大学教授何广思(Gustavo Alejandro Girado)日前就此接受中新社“东西问”专访。

现行访谈实录摘要如下:

中新社记者:第二次世界大战结束后形成的国际秩序已运行八十余年。在您看来,现行机制能否充分保障新兴经济体和发展中国家的发展诉求?

何广思:二战后,联合国、国际货币基金组织、世界银行相继建立,关税与贸易总协定临时生效,共同构成了战后国际秩序的制度基础。这套秩序主要反映第二次世界大战战胜国的价值观和利益结构,东亚国家以及后来被称为“全球南方”的广大国家在制度设计中的代表性相对有限。整个制度体系的权力分配、知识范式和议程设置长期由西方主导。

阿根廷的处境可以说明现行体系的局限。阿根廷资源丰富、人口规模适中、教育基础较好,却长期处于高负债和外部融资约束之中。这表明资源禀赋和人力资本并不会自动转化为发展能力。对于拉丁美洲、非洲和亚洲广大发展中国家而言,国际制度应提高代表性、扩大政策自主空间,并使融资与发展机制更符合各国长期发展需要。

应当看到,当前秩序正在发生结构性变化。中国已经具备以自身经验、概念和语言解释本国发展道路的能力,也在全球经济贸易中发挥重要作用。现有机构若长期缺乏改革意愿,中国和其他发展中国家自然会寻求新的制度平台。金砖合作机制、上海合作组织、亚洲基础设施投资银行和新开发银行等,均可被理解为对既有国际制度的补充,也为发展中国家表达自身诉求提供了新的渠道。

中新社记者:您如何看待中国在发展和人权保障上的经验?

何广思:中国与拉丁美洲国家在历史、人口、政治制度和社会结构方面存在较大差异,中国的发展道路难以简单复制。但中国的发展路径与关键政策方案,对拉丁美洲非常重要。

首先,中国长期重视教育投入,并将教育政策与科技、工业和创新政策相衔接,为科研、发明和产业创新建立了能力基础。其次,中国在开放过程中并非被动接受外国资本,而是将外资、市场准入和技术学习结合起来,从而逐步形成自主技术和产业能力。可以说,中国经验的核心在于教育、科研、产业、市场和国家战略之间的连续性。

我第一次到访中国大陆是在2005年,此后又多次访问中国。2022—2024年,我在阿根廷驻华大使馆任参赞兼总领事,得以再次长期居住北京,最直接的感受是城市空间和社会生活发生了巨大变化。使馆仍在原来的位置,但周边环境已经完全不同,以至于我一度难以认出——这就是中国各地在过去20多年基础设施、城市治理、公共空间和社会生活都呈现出显著变化的典型案例。

更深层的感受,是中国与阿根廷的发展差距进一步扩大。这种差距不仅体现在技术和基础设施上,也体现在教育政策、老龄化治理、大学体系和长期规划能力上。

中新社记者:基于历史等因素,拉丁美洲国家形成了怎样的人权观,中拉人权对话存在哪些基础和可能性?

何广思:由于20世纪70至80年代阿根廷内政的历史原因,阿根廷的人权话语长期侧重公民政治权利、司法正义和防止国家暴力。然而回到当下,贫困已经成为阿根廷最严重的人权问题之一。数次经济危机使大量人口陷入贫困,社会权利和发展机会受到明显影响。从这个意义上说,政治权利与发展权不能被分开。

中国的人权议程则形成于不同的历史条件。新中国曾经历了贫困、发展不足、外部压力等困难,因此更加重视生存、发展和社会稳定。不同国家在不同发展阶段会形成不同的优先事项,这些差异是真实存在的,但并不意味着双方没有共同语言——贫困治理、社会公平、教育、环境和公共服务等都可以成为中拉人权对话的共同基础。

还需要注意,人权在政治上是一个经常被大国工具化的议题。特别是,西方国家及其主导的国际组织常常以人权条件影响他国的政策选择,同时却对自身或盟友的类似问题采取不同标准。人权概念的价值本应保护人的尊严,却常常被用作施加外交压力和附加政治条件的工具。中拉合作应当研究这种选择性适用,并推动更加平等、非政治化的人权对话。

中新社记者:您认为中拉双方在人权方面有哪些值得开展联合研究的议题?

何广思:至少有三个方向。

第一,研究中国减贫经验及其治理机制。中国如何组织公共资源、落实政策目标、识别贫困人口并建立长期减贫机制——中国的减贫经验显然对拉丁美洲有很大参考价值。

第二,研究外国投资对当地环境治理与当地社区的权利影响。中国投资在拉丁美洲因为种种原因受到广泛关注,尤其是矿业和基础设施项目。研究不仅要具体评估项目对生态、就业和当地居民的影响,同时也要用比较视角,对比中国、美国、欧洲、日本和澳大利亚资本在拉美类似项目上所适用的评价标准是否相同,避免只针对中国投资设置选择性议题。

第三,研究人权话语的政治化,这在当下还与国际金融条件相关联。国际货币基金组织、世界银行和部分发达国家可能把人权、治理或政策改革与融资相联系。需分析这些条件如何影响发展中国家的政策自主性,以及如何在维护基本权利的同时防止人权被用作外部施压工具。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 第三届中拉人权圆桌会于9月15日在秘鲁利马举行

    Very likely · Within days

Open Questions

  • 本届中拉人权圆桌会将达成哪些具体合作共识?
  • 中拉未来将在哪些联合研究项目上进行实质性落地?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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