
求职背调原本用于核验人才资质,但部分企业和第三方机构越界调取婚姻状况、未公开诉讼记录等隐私信息,求职者维权困难重重,专家呼吁立法明确边界、倒置举证责任、规范行业秩序。
AI-generated summary
求职背调原本用于核验人才资质和防范用工风险,但部分企业和第三方机构越界调取婚姻状况、未公开诉讼记录等与工作无关的隐私信息,求职者维权困难重重。
近日,求职背调乱象引发舆论关注。原本适用于核验人才资质、防范用工风险的背景调查,在某些企业与第三方机构的操作中突破合法合理边界,变成了窥探隐私、苛责求职者的工具。中国之声调查发现,一些与求职岗位并无直接关联的个人信息,也被纳入背调范围,甚至疑似通过非公开渠道获取。求职背调的法律边界是什么?如何有效打击治理求职背调乱象?
近几年,求职者刘先生应聘多家公司屡屡碰壁。经过深入了解,他认为是公司对其背调时,第三方背调机构向用人单位泄露了其不被公开的诉讼记录。
刘先生:面试通过了,就是因为这个事儿我进不去,把我的机会给搞没了。不是公开判决的,在裁判文书网上根本就查不到,背调公司居然能查到。
刘先生介绍说,他此前在某公司因自身劳动权益被侵犯,与前东家就劳动争议对簿公堂。刘先生还担心,自己依法维权的经历反而会影响后续求职。
记者深入调查发现,用人单位过度需求催生灰色供给,在对求职者背调时,第三方背调机构可轻易调取求职者的个人隐私。记者在某平台搜索关键词“背调”,可搜索出多家背调机构的广告。记者以某教培机构HR的名义致电其中一家机构,相关负责人表示,可背调求职者的犯罪记录和诉讼记录等信息,比如说身份信息、负面记录、犯罪记录、诉讼记录、网贷记录、金融相关的情况,这是属于资质类的项目。
对方随后发来了详细的报价单,服务套餐大致分为四个档次,包含身份信息、学历、诉讼、失信等项目的套餐最低仅需每人31元。包含三段工作履历、法院诉讼查询、工作访谈等的顶配版套餐价格在每人600元以上。
当记者询问未公开的诉讼信息能否查询时,对方表示,但凡涉及的都会被比对出来,但部分诉讼记录看不到具体案情内容。另一家背调机构则支持“全自助下单”。尽管网站要求填写企业背景信息,但实际操作中,只要上传任意一张企业营业执照,并在信息栏填写匹配的企业名称,就能获得背调资质。
记者还注意到,背调机构的服务套餐内容中,除了常规项目,还包含多个行业从业资格、银行信用报告、金融行业违规记录等细分项目,企业可以自主选择项目组合下单,单项价格在10元至260元不等。不过两家机构负责人都表示,相关调查必须经过被调查者本人同意,客户下单后,机构会给候选人发一条短信,填写个人信息来进行授权。
求职者刘先生对此表示,背调机构所说的授权,在实际操作中,求职者往往是弱势的,哪怕涉及个人隐私。
刘先生:说是要得到你的授权他们才能查,但是你作为劳动者一方,本来就是弱势群体,不接受你这个工作就没有了,相当于我是被迫同意的。
一位背调行业的业内人士告诉记者,头部背调机构都具备查出仲裁和诉讼记录的能力。即便记录未公开,也能通过内部渠道获取。即便最后求职者发现,也没有充足证据认定对方侵犯隐私。
记者在某二手交易平台搜索发现,还有机构宣称,可帮助求职者应对背调,如修改相关记录、冒充前公司HR或同事等。网络安全技术人员王占涛表示,随着个人信息保护不断加强,直接非法获取数据的风险越来越高,但此前泄露的个人信息仍可能在黑灰产业链中流转。
王占涛:国家一直在提高安全等级,数据库要求分级存放。他们就是把旧数据又拿出来卖了,旧的数据卖一卖,新的编一编,比如1万条数据5000条是假的,你又不知道。
中国人民大学公共管理学院教授刘昕对中国之声表示,在特定岗位(如幼教、财务高管)筛查相关不良记录(如性侵史、欺诈)是必要且合理的风险防范措施。背调的核心价值在于规避用工风险,但当前行业乱象已威胁劳动者隐私与就业平等,亟须法律明确边界,以规范市场行为。
刘昕表示,用人单位的背调需求,有的已超出正常范围。调查与工作无关的个人隐私(如民事诉讼记录、婚姻状态等)可能引发就业歧视。
刘昕:要求求职者出具一份无犯罪记录证明,基本上有事的这帮人都会被筛出来,根本不需要去请什么背调公司。因为我们对隐私问题保护做得不到位,背调为了把它当成一种业务无限扩大,不仅侵犯个人隐私,而且实际上跟他个人工作做得好坏,关系没那么大。
记者注意到,我国劳动合同法第八条规定,用人单位有权了解劳动者与劳动合同直接相关的基本情况,劳动者应当如实说明,但没有明确规定哪些情形与劳动合同直接相关。
中国政法大学网络法学研究所所长李怀胜表示,正因如此,背调机构得以借“授权”之名,将婚姻状况、未公开诉讼记录、社保信息等与劳动合同没有直接关联的敏感个人信息纳入调查范围,实质上构成了对劳动者个人信息权和隐私权的系统性、规模化侵害。
李怀胜认为,在司法实践中,打击背调黑灰产业链的核心难题,在于权利义务的结构性失衡。
李怀胜:背调黑灰产的数据来源极为隐蔽,背调机构以“与相关部门有接口”为由暗箱操作,劳动者几乎无法举证其未公开的裁判文书、婚姻状况等隐私信息是通过非法渠道被获取和流转的;现行侵权诉讼实行“谁主张谁举证”的一般规则,将证明背调机构存在非法收集、买卖个人信息行为的举证责任完全分配给处于信息弱势地位的劳动者,导致其个人信息权和隐私权在遭受侵害后长期陷入“举证不能、维权无门”的困境。
如何有效治理求职背调乱象,打击相关黑灰产业链?李怀胜建议:
在立法层面尽快制定可操作的正负面清单,明确禁止采集婚姻、普通民事纠纷、劳动维权记录等与履职无关的隐私信息;
对背调机构实行资质准入与备案管理,严禁其自行创设风险评级、滥用非法数据源;
在司法救济中实行“审慎核实义务”举证责任倒置,由背调机构自证信息来源合法,切实降低劳动者维权门槛。
国务院发展研究中心公共管理与人力资源研究所副所长常纪文表示,由于全国性或授权进入的信息系统用户众多,追踪具体的个人信息泄露者存在难度。因此他建议,在信息系统开发与应用阶段,建立严格的访问记录制度。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
监管部门将在近期出台求职背调的正负面清单,明确禁止调取婚姻状况等无关隐私
Likely · Within months
第三方背调机构将面临资质准入和备案管理的监管要求
Very likely · Within months
求职者维权门槛将因举证责任倒置而降低
Possible · Within months

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