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Back英國宣佈禁止與約旦河西岸以色列定居點貿易,英以關係跌至谷底
英國宣佈禁止與約旦河西岸以色列定居點貿易,英以關係跌至谷底
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BBC中文1 hour agoPolitics7 min readChinaView translation

英國宣佈禁止與約旦河西岸以色列定居點貿易,英以關係跌至谷底

英國政府宣佈禁止與約旦河西岸以色列定居點進行貿易,並批評定居者恐怖主義與種族清洗,引發以色列強烈反對。

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英國政府週二宣佈禁止與約旦河西岸以色列定居點進行貿易及相關服務,外相文立彬批評當地出現種族清洗。此舉引發以色列強烈反對並關閉駐東耶路撒冷領事館,英以關係跌至數十年低谷。

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Why It Matters

英國政府宣佈禁止與約旦河西岸以色列定居點進行貿易,並跟隨2024年國際法院裁決視佔領為非法。

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英國政府週二(9月8日)宣佈禁止與約旦河西岸以色列定居點進行貿易。英國外交大臣文立彬(Ed Miliband)表示,此舉標誌著解決以色列—巴勒斯坦衝突的「新方法的開始」,「不僅譴責不公正和苦難,而且還採取行動」。

以色列對英國政府的決定作出強烈反應,足以說明這一刻的重要性。

英國承受了以色列的怒火,但12個國家選擇聯手採取行動,顯然進一步加劇了以色列的憤怒。

倫敦官員一直知道,英國對以巴問題的政策出現如此戲劇性的轉變,勢必會引發敵意回應,但以色列反應之迅速和猛烈似乎仍令他們措手不及。

英國駐東耶路撒冷領事館被關閉。該領館負責約旦河西岸事務,並直接與位於拉姆安拉(Ramallah)的巴勒斯坦自治政府(Palestinian Authority)工作。此外,英國代表亦被撤出「加沙國際支援中心」(International Gaza Support Centre)。該中心於去年成立,負責協調加沙地帶的穩定及救援工作。這些都是極具敵意的舉動。

這些行動顯示,以色列對英國及另外11個國家的決定深感不安,當中包括法國、西班牙和加拿大。

在定居點生產的產品可能只佔以色列出口的一小部分,但將這些產品單獨挑出來作特殊處理,其政治象徵意義十分強烈。

數十年來,英國及其他政府一直認為位於巴勒斯坦被佔領土上的定居點屬於非法,但一直沒有進一步禁止在當地種植或生產的產品。

如今,英國宣布同意2024年國際法院的裁決,認為整個佔領行為——包括以色列的軍事存在——均屬非法。外相文立彬表示,政府與以色列的經濟關係亦必須反映這一點。

因此禁令不僅針對產品,也包括那些為定居點提供建築、基礎設施或融資服務的公司。措施亦包括限制出售「實質上促成佔領行動」的武器,其程度超出許多人的預期。

而引人注目的不只是這些行動,還有外交大臣發表的聲明中那種真摯、甚至帶有強烈個人色彩的措辭。

文立彬形容自己是「一名以身為英國猶太人而自豪⋯⋯並堅定支持以色列國的人」,他的發言幾乎比所有前任外相都來得更加直接和尖銳。

尤其引人注目的是,一名英國外交大臣形容「定居者恐怖主義猖獗」,並導致約旦河西岸部分地區出現對巴勒斯坦人的「種族清洗」,而以色列政府「對此視而不見」。

文立彬稱這是英國對以政策的「重新定位」。但今天有些時候,這更像是一場徹底的重新思考,而這也令英以關係跌至數十年來的最低谷。

當然,以色列大選臨近時一貫伴隨的緊張、躁動氣氛,可能加劇了以色列外長吉迪恩·薩爾(Gideon Saar)的猛烈反應,但大多數以色列人應該都會同樣感到憤怒。

不少以色列人認為,部分定居者所奉行的暴力、彌賽亞主義思想令人深感不安,有些人甚至視他們為國家的恥辱。

但這並不代表他們認同在1967年六日戰爭期間被佔領的土地上建立的定居點屬於非法。

大多數人都會強烈反對前總理埃胡德·奧爾默特(Ehud Olmert)的說法。奧爾默特去年曾指責他的繼任者本雅明·內塔尼亞胡(Benjamin Netanyahu)令以色列成為國際社會的「賤民」。

但他們也能感受到,國際社會的譴責正一步步迫近——從歐洲歌唱大賽(Eurovision)或體育賽事上的抗議,到國際逮捕令針對以色列領導人發出,再到如今對定居點產品實施禁令——這令他們感到焦慮和戒備。

另一方面,對巴勒斯坦人而言,這卻讓人感覺事情正在取得進展。

巴勒斯坦外交部讚揚採取制裁措施的國家,但同時呼籲採取「緊急、具體的措施」,制止以色列「非法的定居點計劃」。

在倫敦,巴勒斯坦駐英國大使胡薩姆·祖姆洛特博士(Dr Husam Zomlot)稱,英國政府的決定是「英巴關係的轉捩點」。

他說,英國採取的「勇敢措施」將有助於為巴勒斯坦國按照1967年邊界實現獨立鋪路,並以東耶路撒冷為首都。

但祖姆洛特知道,以色列長達59年的佔領現實並沒有結束,甚至沒有出現重大改變。

建立一個可行的巴勒斯坦國前景仍然渺茫,而由12個國家採取的協同行動,短期內似乎也沒有多少跡象能夠扭轉以色列看似勢不可擋地逐步控制約旦河西岸的局面。

只有美國擁有這種程度的影響力——前提是美國選擇運用這種影響力。

1991年,時任總統小喬治·布殊(George HW Bush)及其立場強硬的國務卿詹姆斯·貝克(James Baker)威脅,若時任總理伊扎克·沙米爾(Yitzhak Shamir)拒絕承諾不會將貸款保證用於資助被佔領土上的定居點活動,便會扣起向以色列政府提供的100億美元(671億元人民幣;3,146億元新台幣)貸款保證。

但到目前為止,特朗普(Donald Trump;川普)並沒有表現出任何遏制內塔尼亞胡定居點計劃的意願。

特朗普的「讓美國再次偉大」(MAGA)運動中,部分人士近年已經轉而反對以色列,但美國駐以色列大使邁克·哈克比(Mike Huckabee;赫卡比)是一名虔誠的基督教錫安主義者(Christian Zionist),他與以色列持相同看法,認為約旦河西岸是上帝應許給猶太人的土地。

因此,英國及其夥伴國週二的行動,不僅令他們站在以色列的對立面,也令他們與華盛頓這個以色列最重要的支持者對立。

約旦河西岸制裁問題:貝安德顯示比施紀賢走得更遠

BBC政治編輯克里斯·梅森(Chris Mason)

政府高層人士認為,最新宣布是英國正式承認巴勒斯坦國的合理延伸;但從措辭到實際行動,都表達了首相貝安德希望比其前任施紀賢走得更遠的意願。

文立彬認為,這是重新確認最終實現「兩國方案」的邏輯——即在以色列旁邊建立一個可行的巴勒斯坦國。

Open Questions

  • 美國未來會否對定居點政策採取類似施壓措施?
  • 禁令對以色列具體經濟影響為何?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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