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Back建筑业从工地建造转向工厂制造:模块化与智能化推动好房子建设
建筑业从工地建造转向工厂制造:模块化与智能化推动好房子建设
Developing
中国新闻网1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

建筑业从工地建造转向工厂制造:模块化与智能化推动好房子建设

Quick Look

随着‘好房子’建设推进,建筑业正从传统现场施工转向工业化、数字化、智能化的工厂制造模式。模块化建筑实现工厂与工地并联生产,平均每20分钟下线一个全要素模块,华章新筑项目365天交付,桦皮厂胡同项目工期从15个月缩至3个月。此转变不仅提升建造速度和精度,还显著降低废弃物、材料损耗和能耗,同时改变建筑工人角色从体力劳动向技术操作转型,机器人与AI开始应用于生产线。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

随着‘好房子’建设加快推进,建筑业正在经历从传统施工方式向工业化、数字化、智能化转型。过去建筑工人需要在施工现场从打地基开始一层一层盖房子,如今工业化建造方式使部分工序从施工现场前移到工厂,建筑模块经过标准化生产后运抵现场像搭积木一样组装。

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随着‘好房子’建设加快推进,建筑业正在经历从传统施工方式向工业化、数字化、智能化转型。

这意味着,当下盖房子的逻辑正在发生变化。

过去,建筑工人需要在施工现场,从打地基开始,一层一层把房子‘盖’起来。

如今,随着工业化建造方式加快应用,一部分盖房子的工序正在从施工现场前移到工厂,建筑模块经过标准化生产后,再运抵现场像‘搭积木’一样完成组装。

钟才文近期撰文指出,目前一些建筑业企业通过工业化标准、数字化精度、自动化效率,使‘好房子’由‘工地建造’逐步转变为‘工厂制造’。

诸如此类的变化,极大地拓展了企业的经营领域,突破地域限制,展现出强大活力。

从‘工地建造’到‘工厂制造’,变的不只是建造地点,更是建筑业长期依赖现场施工的生产方式和组织逻辑。

生产方式从串联改为并联

传统建筑施工有一个明显特点:大量工序发生在项目现场,而如今的模块化建筑则将工厂生产与工地施工同步推进。

在中建海龙设计院执行院长湛鹤看来,传统建筑施工更像一个串联过程:‘先打地基,再做地下室,然后一层一层往上建。’

传统施工要等一个环节完成后,才能进入下一环节。

而模块化建筑则将这种‘串联’变成‘并联’:工地进行基础施工的同时,工厂已经开始生产建筑主体模块并完成室内装修;待现场基础施工完成,模块即可陆续运抵现场安装。

在中建海龙的智能制造生产线上,建筑模块不再是一个个依靠人工现场完成的施工单元,而是进入了一套有编码、有工位、有设备协同的数字化生产流程。

湛鹤介绍,相关柔性生产线集成了1000多个感应点、190多个工位以及80多台智能装备和机器人,70%以上的作业可以在工厂内完成。

从设计端开始,每个建筑模块被赋予对应的数字编码,并通过自主研发的数字设计管理平台贯穿设计、生产、运输、安装等环节。过去分散在工地上的多道工序,由此被纳入一套数字化、标准化的生产流程。

换句话说,过去是‘人和材料一起到工地’,如今则是在智能工厂完成房屋模块的结构、装修、水电等70%以上的工序,再运输到目的地进行高效拼装。

房子造得更快,也造得更精细了

建筑从工地走向工厂,一个最直观的变化就是时间。

据湛鹤介绍,在生产线上,平均每20分钟就可以下线一个全要素模块。

以中建海龙旗下的华章新筑保障性住房项目为例,一个近17万平方米住宅项目从开工到交付仅用约365天。

北京桦皮厂胡同8号楼项目,原本需要15个月的工期,凭借‘智能建造-MiC技术’仅3个月就能实现原拆原建。

除了工期,生产方式变化带来的另一个影响,是建筑成本和质量控制方式的变化。

衡量模块化建造的成本,不能只看某一个模块或者某一道工序,而应从整个建筑生命周期来看。

传统施工中,现场切割、二次加工等环节容易产生材料损耗。进入工厂后,建筑模块按照数字化设计进行生产,生产过程能够进行更加精细的控制。

据湛鹤介绍,相关项目实践中,模块化建造可节约60%以上建设工期,建筑废弃物排放可减少75%以上,材料损耗可减少25%以上、工地用电量可减少60%以上、用水量可减少66%以上。

与此同时,工厂生产环境相对更加可控,一些传统施工中较难完全避免的质量问题,也可以在生产源头进行控制,减少后期返修、返工带来的成本。

此外,工期缩短,也有助于减少长期现场施工带来的管理和资源投入。

因此,智能建造带来的变化,并不只是让房子‘盖得更快’,更在于让原本高度依赖现场经验和人工协作的建筑生产,逐渐变得更加标准化、可追踪。

‘造房子’的人,也在发生变化

建筑生产方式的变化,也正在改变建筑工人的角色。

过去,建筑工人更多承担搬运、浇筑等重体力劳动;进入工厂后,一部分工人的工作逐渐转向设备操作、图纸识读和产线管理,从重体力变成技术操作。

有建筑工人接受中新社国是直通车采访时直言,第一次接触这种建造方式时,觉得‘建房子还能在厂里面把房子盖好’有些不可思议。

此前跟着项目跑、风吹日晒的工作状态,也开始发生变化。如今在工厂里,他更多面对的是设备和生产线,并通过定期培训学习设备操作等新技能,工作也相对更加稳定。

与此同时,机器人也开始成为建筑生产线上的‘新工友’。

在生产线上,抓取机器人、焊接机器人和物流运输机器人已投入使用,AI也开始被探索应用于建筑模块拆分、数据分析等环节。过去依赖人工完成的部分工序,正在逐步交给机器完成。

而在未来,模块化建筑还可能进一步向更高集成度、更强通用性以及更轻质、耐久的方向发展。

湛鹤设想,未来的模块化建筑或许可以像汽车一样,通过标准化部件进行更换和组合,以满足不同的使用需求。

就目前来看,一场关于建筑业生产方式的重构,正在发生。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未来5年内,模块化建筑在中国新建住宅中的应用比例将显著提升,尤其在保障房和产业园区领域

    Likely · Within years

  • 建筑工人队伍中,从事设备操作、数字化管理和产线维护的技术工人比例将逐年增加

    Possible · Within years

Open Questions

  • 模块化建筑在抗震、防火等安全标准方面的表现如何?
  • 这一转型对传统建筑工人的再培训和就业安排有何具体政策?
  • 工厂化建造在不同气候和地理条件下的适用性如何?
  • 长期来看,模块化建筑的维护成本和使用寿命与传统建筑相比如何?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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