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Back科学家利用冷冻技术让豆类形成类似肉类的纤维结构
科学家利用冷冻技术让豆类形成类似肉类的纤维结构
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中国新闻网12 minutes agoScience2 min readChina

科学家利用冷冻技术让豆类形成类似肉类的纤维结构

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瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院的食品结构工程专家发现,通过利用水结冰时冰晶单向生长的物理特性,可使豌豆、菜豆和扁豆等豆类在冷冻过程中形成类似肉类的定向纤维结构。该方法命名为“冷冻结构化”,能保留豆类的完整营养,减少食物浪费,并赋予其类似肉和鱼的咀嚼感。实验显示该技术适用于约96%的豆类产品,不同豆类呈现不同口感特性。目前研究聚焦于物理机制的阐明,调味和烹饪将交由专业厨师探索。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

传统植物肉制作通常需要将豆类拆分为蛋白质、淀粉等单一成分后重新组合,这一过程会导致膳食纤维、维生素和矿物质的流失,并产生副产物。而新方法利用冷冻过程中冰晶的物理特性,直接在完整豆类中形成定向纤维结构。

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咀嚼肉食时,那种丝丝缕缕、层层分明的咬劲,常给人带来莫大的满足。鱼肉与畜肉之所以能提供这种口感,一个重要原因是肌肉纤维沿一定方向排列,舌齿间因此能感受到其中的韧劲。

而这种定向纤维结构,并非动物肌肉的专利。

瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院食品结构工程专家们日前找到了一种颇为简单但又巧妙的方法,借助水和冰,就能让豌豆、菜豆和扁豆等寻常豆类“长”出酷似肉类的纤维结构。

冷冻本是再普通不过的食品保存手段,但其中藏着有趣的物理规律。水结冰时,水分子会排列成冰晶,而蛋白质、淀粉等其他成分通常难以进入冰晶,只能被挤到冰晶之间。研究团队正是利用了这一过程,借冰晶生长之力,把豆糊“挤”出整齐的纤维层。

具体操作并不复杂。先把豆子泡发,研磨成细腻的糊状,再加热至90℃,使淀粉充分糊化,形成凝胶。然后将凝胶放入特制模具,模具只留一面裸露,其余各面都包上隔热材料。冷冻时,冰晶只能从裸露的那一面单向生长,像列队行军一样平行推进,把豆糊挤压成薄而平行的层状结构。等解冻后,冰晶化去,那些被挤压出来的纤维纹路却留了下来。

这种结构带来了类似肉和鱼的咀嚼感。肉类的纤维具有方向性,豆类经过处理后,同样形成了定向排列的结构,因此口感也随之发生变化。

专家们测试了十几种豆类,发现这个方法适用于全球约96%的豆类产品。不过,不同豆类做出来的质地各有特色:红扁豆、黑扁豆和绿豆制成的纤维强韧紧实,嚼劲更足;大豆和黑豆则相对柔软一些。成品的硬度还跟加水量有关,水少则紧致,水多则软糯。不过,有差异反而是好事,给食谱搭配留出了更大空间,甚至可混用几种豆子,取长补短。

这就是“冷冻结构化”。传统食品加工往往先把农作物拆成淀粉、蛋白、油脂等单一成分,再重新组合,过程中难免损失膳食纤维、维生素和矿物质,还会产生不少副产物。而冷冻结构化从头到尾用的都是整颗豆子,省去了层层分离的步骤,营养保全得更好,食物浪费也更少。

当然,有了纤维结构,离美味还有距离。现在专家们的主攻方向是搞清楚冷冻结构化的物理机制,至于怎么调味、怎么烹饪,他们打算交给专业厨师去琢磨。至于消费者到底偏爱哪种豆类的口感,还有待进一步研究。但至少,豆子们有了更多走上餐桌的可能。

(本报记者 张佳欣 科技日报)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未来几年内,该技术将被食品公司用于开发新型植物肉产品

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 该技术的大规模生产成本是否具有竞争力?
  • 不同烹饪方式对形成的纤维结构的稳定性有何影响?
  • 消费者在实际购买和食用中的偏好如何?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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