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Back无端贬损、排挤孤立、越界骚扰……破解对抗“职场软暴力”维权难题
无端贬损、排挤孤立、越界骚扰……破解对抗“职场软暴力”维权难题
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中国新闻网3 hours agoLabor6 min readChinaView translation

无端贬损、排挤孤立、越界骚扰……破解对抗“职场软暴力”维权难题

数字时代,职场“软侵权”当有硬约束(下)

Quick Look

潘虹英因遭遇职场性骚扰胜诉,获赔1.12万元。文章指出职场“软暴力”隐蔽且边界模糊,劳动者面临认定难、举证难。专家建议完善职场精神伤害认定与救济制度,合理分配举证责任,并法定用人单位防治义务。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

文章介绍了潘虹英因遭遇职场性骚扰并胜诉的案例,判决依据之一是《中华人民共和国民法典》第1010条。文章还提到职场“软暴力”形态隐蔽、边界模糊,劳动者难以取证,且现行《职业病分类和目录》未将抑郁症、焦虑症纳入法定职业病范畴。

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无端贬损、排挤孤立、越界骚扰……遭遇看不见的伤害易引纠纷

【数字时代,职场“软侵权”当有硬约束(下)】破解对抗“职场软暴力”维权难题

阅读提示

由于侵害方式、发生场景、伤害后果等与传统职场侵权有所不同,劳动者在遭遇“软暴力”时,时常面临认定难、举证难。专家建议,需进一步完善职场精神伤害的认定与救济制度,合理分配相关举证责任。

10月14日,广东深圳,潘虹英拿到了法院的一审判决书——她胜诉了。

按照判决,潘虹英前公司一名高管需向她书面道歉,同时赔偿她精神损害抚慰金、误工费、医疗费共1.12万元。目前,该判决已履行完毕。

从遭遇职场越界骚扰到维权成功,潘虹英前后“走”了8个多月。

今年2月初,这名高管在知晓双方均已婚、有孩子的情况下,向潘虹英提出,希望她成为自己“在某地的女朋友”,被明确拒绝。不料,一直到2月下旬,对方仍多次向她发送明显带有性意味的文字消息。潘虹英一次次对其明确表示,“希望我们的沟通仅限于工作”。

10月30日,《工人日报》记者从潘虹英提供的判决书中看到,该案于今年9月开庭审理,法院的判决依据之一是《中华人民共和国民法典》第1010条,该高管的行为被认定为“性骚扰”。庭审中,双方的线上聊天记录成为关键证据。

然而,并非所有的职场伤害都能被这样“留痕”。

记者注意到,职场中,一些以贬低、孤立、刁难等为手段的“软暴力”时有发生,它可能是上司的无端指责谩骂、个别同事的排挤孤立,又或是因轻微失误被当众羞辱以及越过正常同事边界的恶意骚扰。由于这类“软暴力”形态隐蔽、边界模糊,部分劳动者对此难以有效取证,甚至在自我怀疑中陷入焦虑和抑郁。

职场“软暴力”时有出现

在北京一家广告公司做文案工作的刘慧玲向记者透露,作为试用期职场新人,她有时会在工作群里向主管确认任务具体分工或请教细节,换来的却常常是“夹枪带棒”的回复,“你瞎了吗?”“大脑发育不全吧?”“写的什么东西?全是垃圾!”,甚至还被当众骂“是个废物”。

“有时候,领导就站在旁边看我打字,我每打一行,她就叹一口气。”刘慧玲坦言,如今自己每天都感到“高度紧张”“害怕上班”,正在考虑离职。

类似的职场“软暴力”情形,并非孤例。马宣伟就职于一家文化传媒公司,他告诉记者,因曾对公司推出的新产品内容发表不同意见,自己遭到部门新领导的排挤和孤立,“开会拉工作小群都不带我,部门团建也把我排除在外”。

今年全国两会上,全国政协委员冯远征呼吁关注精神暴力,称“来自上级、同事的精神暴力也需警惕”。

在中国社会科学院法学研究所研究员王天玉看来,界定职场“软暴力”需要综合考虑多方因素,比如,相关言行是否发生于工作场所或由工作引发,针对的是劳动者本人还是具体工作事项,是否具有长期性、频繁性,以及有没有造成伤害后果。

何以证明遭受精神伤害

“又没扣你钱,也没打你。”事发后,这是刘慧玲听得最多的一句劝解。

对于疑似遭遇职场“软暴力”的劳动者来说,如何证明自己的职场经历与遭受的精神伤害之间存在因果关系?

北京大学第六医院临床心理中心职场减压门诊负责人石扩分析,从临床评估的角度看,职场“软暴力”导致的精神损害问题并不对应某一个固定诊断,有些人首先感受到的并不是“我焦虑了”,而是睡不着、心慌、疲惫,或者一想到上班、看到领导发来信息就紧张。

“他是领导,我虽然气愤,但当时并没打算马上离职,想着忍一忍就过去了。”潘虹英坦言,后来她因失眠、心理压力大就医治疗,被确诊为急性应激障碍、睡眠障碍,最终选择辞职。

但是,出现症状并不自动等同于一定可以获赔。北京中医药大学卫生健康法治研究与创新转化中心主任邓勇表示,既有的工伤认定路径暂时无法完全覆盖长期职场精神压迫所致的精神障碍。现行《职业病分类和目录》设有“职业性精神和行为障碍”类别,但并未将抑郁症、焦虑症纳入法定职业病范畴,难以判定相关精神疾病完全由工作造成。

“这就意味着,劳动者通常需通过民事侵权路径主张精神损害赔偿,而民事路径对损害“严重性”的证明要求并未因此降低。但是,单纯的不良情绪或短期失眠,往往不足以达到法定的“严重精神损害”门槛。”邓勇分析。

“医学诊断主要回答的是“有没有病、病情怎样”,不能单独回答“谁造成了疾病、谁应当承担责任”。”石扩进一步表示,精神障碍一般具有多类成因,既不能因为患者“被批评以后出现抑郁”就将批评直接认定为唯一病因,也不能因患者有精神障碍既往史就否定职场经历可能造成的诱发或加重作用。

“‘软’描述的是侵害方式的隐蔽,不代表伤害轻。”在石扩看来,应当纠正“只有患上精神类疾病,如抑郁症、焦虑症、创伤后应激障碍等,劳动者受到的伤害才值得重视”这一认知。一些尚未达到疾病诊断标准的劳动者,可能已经承受明显痛苦,同样需要对其提供支持并进行适当干预。

让“软伤害”可举证、可救济

王天玉认为,不应给劳动者施加过重的举证责任。“一个可行的方向是,在劳动者已经初步证明自己遭遇职场“软暴力”后,应由用人单位就其管理行为的正当性作出说明。”他说。

与此同时,王天玉建议,相关部门可对典型行为进行列举并设置兜底条款,由用人单位承担预防和监管义务。

一起名誉权纠纷中,某公司高管黄某在遭遇该公司法定代表人王某长期言语辱骂后,被诊断为存在重度抑郁情绪。

对于该案,北京市东城区人民法院经审理认为,综合在案的微信群聊记录等证据,王某的行为已构成对黄某名誉权的侵害,依法判决王某向黄某公开赔礼道歉,并赔偿其医疗费、精神损害抚慰金。

邓勇表示,现行法律未将职场“软暴力”作为独立法律概念,实践中,司法机关往往只能依据我国民法典、劳动法、劳动合同法、治安管理处罚法、刑法中的部分法条,对相关情形进行“片段式处理”。

对此,邓勇进一步提出,应从判定标准、举证责任与防治义务三个层面推进相关制度的完善,而非仅仅停留于增设职场“软暴力”这一定义。

“具体来看,可操作的判定标准是规制的起点,举证责任的调整是破解取证难的关键,用人单位的防治义务应被法定化、贯穿管理全过程”。邓勇说。

“合理的绩效管理可以严格,但应当针对员工的工作事实,设定明确标准、改进路径,同时提供申辩机会。”石扩建议,对于职场“软暴力”现象,应允许员工绕开被投诉的直属领导进行有效维权,防止打击报复,同时不能据此给员工个人贴负面标签。

(文中部分受访者为化名)

本报记者 陈丹丹

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 相关部门可能会对典型职场软暴力行为进行列举并设置兜底条款

    Possible · Within months

  • 职场精神伤害的认定与救济制度可能会得到完善

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 职场“软暴力”是否会被纳入独立法律概念
  • 举证责任如何在具体案件中重新分配
  • 用人单位防治义务的具体法定内容是什么

Related Topics

This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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