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Back专访王巍:良渚的价值远不止“实证中华五千多年文明史”
专访王巍:良渚的价值远不止“实证中华五千多年文明史”
Science
中国新闻网10 hours agoScience7 min readChinaView translation

专访王巍:良渚的价值远不止“实证中华五千多年文明史”

第四届“良渚论坛”期间,中国考古学会原理事长王巍接受专访,解析良渚文明的独特生长方式及中华文明的包容性。

Quick Look

在第四届“良渚论坛”期间,中国考古学会原理事长王巍接受专访,解析良渚文明因稻作而重水、因治水而聚合的独特生长方式,并探讨中华文明的本土生长与对外交流互鉴。

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Why It Matters

良渚遗址发现至今已有90年,其水利系统和玉器文化实证了中华五千多年文明史。

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中新网杭州10月20日电(林波 孙琳茹)“良渚的价值远不止‘实证中华五千多年文明史’,更在于它呈现了一种与两河、古埃及不同的文明生长方式——因稻作而重水,因治水而聚合,又在玉器与祖先崇拜中沉淀出一套独特的精神秩序。”在第四届“良渚论坛”期间,中国社会科学院学部委员、中国考古学会原理事长王巍接受专访时如是说。

对比全球早期农业文明,两河与古埃及依托麦类农业走向复杂社会,长江下游则走了一条稻作之路。王巍把这条路径的独特性首先归结为“水”的双重性。

“稻作农业需要灌溉系统,对水源有高度依赖。但长江下游除了依赖水源,还要面对水害的预防。”王巍说,正是这种“用水”与“防水”的双重压力,催生了良渚大规模的水利系统。

考古证据显示,早在申遗成功前,良渚古城外围已确认11条堤坝,总库容约4600万立方米,相当于3个西湖,人工堆筑土方量达288万立方米,是同时期世界上规模最大的水坝系统和公共工程。

王巍进一步指出,水利系统的修建不是孤立的工程行为,它的背后是稻作农业较高的产量所支撑的人口规模。“水稻有灌溉之利,产量高于北方粟作,也高于依靠自然降水的小麦。人口繁衍起来了,才有可能组织起这样大规模的公共工程。”

在王巍的逻辑里,良渚的“水”不仅是一种生态条件,更是一条从农业剩余到人口聚集、再到国家能力的因果链。

如果水利系统是良渚文明的“硬骨架”,那么玉器与祖先崇拜则构成了它的“精神底色”。

王巍把中国史前玉文化的演变划分为两个阶段:距今9000年至6000年期间,玉主要被当作美的载体;到距今6000年以后社会分化逐渐加剧时,玉器成为等级身份和礼制的标志。良渚文化中玉琮、玉璧和统一神徽的普遍出现,正说明一个跨区域共享的信仰体系已经形成。

这种精神秩序与西亚、埃及等有着差异。“在西亚、埃及,太阳神崇拜占据主导。在中国,始终以对祖先的崇拜作为祭祀的核心内容。”在王巍看来,玉器从“石头”升格为“礼器”,祖先崇拜从家族记忆扩展为社会整合机制,这条精神演化的线索与稻作—治水—人口聚合的物质线索相互缠绕,共同构成了长江下游文明化进程的独特面貌。

海外学界曾长期把中国史前文明视为孤立发展的案例。王巍并不回避这一点,但他强调,“自成体系”与“开放吸收”并不矛盾。

科技考古提供了过去难以想象的证据。他提到,DNA研究已经证明,黄牛和绵羊的饲养是伴随着西亚小麦一起传入中国的;冶金术也大概率经西亚、中亚传入。

他强调,关键不在于“传入了什么”,而在于“传入之后发生了什么”。

他说:“我们从西亚学来了冶金术,但很快发展出用陶范铸造青铜容器的技术,而西亚长期是用石范制作武器和工具。陶范铸造催生了夏商周以青铜礼器为代表的高度发达的青铜文明。”

在王巍眼中,中华文明的形成始终是一个“本土生长”与“外来因素再创造”同时发生的过程:小麦、黄牛、绵羊进入中原,与本土的粟黍栽培、家猪饲养、酿酒技术相遇,共同拼合出“六畜兴旺”的生业格局;而中国的粟黍栽培、丝绸、陶瓷和玉器传统也持续向西传播。

“交流互鉴自古以来就有,张骞通西域是打通了官方渠道,但在此之前的民间,技术交流已经有很久远的历史。”他说。

良渚遗址发现至今已有90年,但在王巍看来,文明探源远未到可以停步的时候。“已经解决的是‘良渚是不是文明’,尚未充分展开的是‘良渚是怎样一种文明’。”

他提出了一串待解的问题:良渚文化分布范围内,长三角地区究竟是在一个统一的王权之下运作,还是各区域以联盟的形式共奉良渚为“盟主”?上海、苏南等地发现的高等级墓葬同样随葬玉琮、玉璧,这些地方精英与良渚古城之间是隶属关系还是同盟关系?

“良渚文化内部的这种机制,所谓的中央和地方、王权和联盟,很多细节还有待深入研究。”王巍坦率地说,以稻作农业为基础的国家形成机制,目前的研究“还没有进展到那么深的程度”。

在王巍的视野里,良渚既是一把尺子,丈量出长江下游稻作文明在世界早期文明中的独特位置;也是一扇窗口,让人看到中华文明从一开始就在本土根基与外来刺激的交织中,走出了一条既不封闭,也不依附的自己的路。

Open Questions

  • 长三角地区是在一个统一王权之下运作还是联盟共奉?
  • 地方精英与良渚古城之间是隶属关系还是同盟关系?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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