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Back華東颱風強、印尼野火烈——厄爾尼諾現象影響世界的五個方面
華東颱風強、印尼野火烈——厄爾尼諾現象影響世界的五個方面
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BBC中文2 hours agoEnvironment4 min readChinaView translation

華東颱風強、印尼野火烈——厄爾尼諾現象影響世界的五個方面

厄爾尼諾現象持續增強,導致全球天氣模式發生重大變化,引發乾旱、洪水及極端風暴等現象。

Quick Look

厄爾尼諾現象持續增強,對全球氣候造成顯著影響。印尼面臨嚴重野火,華東與日本遭遇強颱,東太平洋颶風活動頻繁,而大西洋颶風季則異常平靜,印度季風降雨減少亦威脅農業生產。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

厄爾尼諾現象(El Niño)是一種持續增強的氣候現象,會改變全球風場模式與海洋溫度,進而加劇極端天氣事件。

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厄爾尼諾現象(El Niño;聖嬰現象)已持續增強數月,並已對全球天氣模式造成重大影響。

印尼、印度及美國等國家正經歷乾旱、洪水及熱浪,這些情況與有關該現象將加劇極端天氣事件的預測一致。

聯合國世界氣象組織(World Meteorological Organization, WMO)表示,這次破紀錄的厄爾尼諾現象將進一步增強,並持續至少至2027年。

以下是其影響已在世界各地顯現的五種方式。

強烈颱風侵襲中國東部及日本

在太平洋西面,中國華東地區和日本的風暴季相當活躍,包括美莎克(Maysak)和杜鵑(Dujuan)在內的風暴近期帶來大範圍洪水和山泥傾瀉。

根據日本氣象廳的資料,西北太平洋已形成10個熱帶氣旋,是自1966年以來單一風季中的最高數量。

在厄爾尼諾期間,較溫暖的太平洋會改變風場模式,意味著氣旋往往在更偏東的位置形成,遠離日本和中國東部。

然而,這也意味着風暴有更長距離和更多時間從溫暖海水中獲取能量,在登陸前增強為更強烈的颱風。

科學家認為,今年可能還會有更多颱風發展,並有可能進一步影響日本或華東地區。

印尼遭遇自2015年以來最嚴重的野火季節

印尼在厄爾尼諾年份通常會較為乾燥和炎熱,該國目前正面對自2015年以來最嚴重的野火季節。

今年自1月以來,至少有895,657公頃土地被焚毀,面積幾乎是大倫敦的六倍。

這是去年在沒有厄爾尼諾影響下焚毀面積的兩倍以上。

山火已導致印尼多地學校停課,並令入院人數增加。

蘇門答臘(Sumatra)和加里曼丹(Kalimantan;婆羅洲,Borneo)有數以百萬計民眾暴露於山火產生的有毒煙霾之中,約17.5萬人患上呼吸系統疾病。

超過4萬宗病例涉及幼童,病情由咳嗽、支氣管炎至肺炎等較嚴重疾病不等。

東太平洋颶風活動激增

在厄爾尼諾通常會增強颶風活動的東太平洋地區,今年迄今的風季十分活躍。

當地已出現22個獲命名風暴及12個颶風,其中包括10個強烈颶風。

這一數字已超過一個平均風季全季通常形成的總數,而距離風季結束仍有兩個月時間。

在這裡,厄爾尼諾帶來較高的海洋溫度以及高空較弱的風力,令風暴更容易增強。

颶風波羅(Polo)就是其中一個例子。

該颶風經歷快速增強,在厄爾尼諾造成的極暖海水推動下,陣風時速達180英里(285公里)。

波羅亦是同一時間在同一海域活動的三個颶風之一,另外兩個分別為奧達利斯(Odalys)和諾洛(Nolo)。

此外,這種情況在一個月內已發生兩次。

今年9月初,異常高海溫產生的能量導致中太平洋和東太平洋同時出現三個颶風:洛厄爾(Lowell)、卡琳娜(Karina)和瑪麗(Marie)。

在今年之前,上一次太平洋同時出現三個颶風是在2015年。

大西洋颶風季異常平靜

與此同時,大西洋卻異常平靜。

厄爾尼諾往往會增強北大西洋的風切變,而風切變會削弱風暴結構,並限制風暴形成。

迄今僅有一個颶風——伊薩亞斯(Isaias)——曾在佛羅里達州狹地地區(Florida Panhandle)和阿拉巴馬州(Alabama)。

這是有衛星紀錄時代(1960年代以來)形成時間最晚的颶風。

在今年之前,最晚形成颶風的紀錄為9月11日,分別於2002年和2013年創下。

在一個平均風季中,截至目前通常已出現10個獲命名風暴、五個颶風及兩個強烈颶風。

然而,今年至今僅出現8個熱帶風暴:亞瑟(Arthur)、伯莎(Bertha)、克里斯托瓦爾(Cristobal)、多莉(Dolly)、愛德華(Edouard)、費伊(Fay)、貢薩洛(Gonzalo)及漢娜(Hanna)。

印度季風降雨減少威脅農業

較乾燥和較溫暖的天氣模式也已在印度出現,而當地至關重要的季風降雨量較平均水平低13%。

這令農業產量面臨更大壓力和脆弱性。

Open Questions

  • 厄爾尼諾現象對全球糧食價格的具體影響為何?
  • 未來幾年極端天氣事件的頻率是否會持續上升?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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