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Back斯坦福大学博士安华:加强跨国协作应对冰川灾害风险
斯坦福大学博士安华:加强跨国协作应对冰川灾害风险
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中国新闻网6 hours agoEnvironment3 min readChinaView translation

斯坦福大学博士安华:加强跨国协作应对冰川灾害风险

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斯坦福大学岩土与环境工程博士安华接受环球时报采访时表示,尼泊尔边境地区冰川崩塌引发的泥石流灾害具有跨国界特征,需加强冰川监测预警、风险评估及跨国合作应对气候变化背景下日益严峻的冰川灾害风险。

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Why It Matters

近年来全球变暖导致冰川消融加剧,高山地区冰川灾害风险上升。尼泊尔边境地区冰川崩塌事件是中尼两国近年来最严重的跨境灾害之一。

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加强跨国协作,应对冰川灾害风险

——访斯坦福大学岩土与环境工程博士安华

8月26日,尼泊尔边境地区突发冰川崩塌引发严重泥石流灾害,造成中尼两国重大人员伤亡、失联,是近年来两国间发生的最严重跨境灾害,救灾工作复杂性和艰巨性前所未有。“此次灾害的巨大破坏性表明,高山冰川灾害风险具有明显的跨区域、跨国界特征。各国应进一步加强冰川监测预警和风险评估,并通过跨国合作共同应对气候变化背景下日益严峻的冰川灾害风险。”毕业于美国斯坦福大学岩土与环境工程专业的安华博士日前在接受环球时报记者采访时表示。

安华表示,与以往多数冰川崩塌事件相比,此次灾害破坏力巨大的一个重要原因是,冰崩发生在海拔高、坡度陡的喜马拉雅山区。巨大冰体崩塌后猛烈冲击山体,裹挟大量岩石和碎屑向下运动,垂直落差高达数千米,并在陡峭地形作用下迅速加速。“这种破坏机制也类似于火山喷发,水流与粗糙的火山砂以及大量碎屑混合在一起,就会如同威力巨大的‘砂纸’,强烈侵蚀沿途的一切。”安华说。

“我们正看到全球变暖对冰川产生越来越明显的影响。”他认为,此次冰崩可能与气候变暖背景下的冰川消融有关。随着冰川底部不断融化,融水可能在冰体下方形成通道甚至空洞,削弱上部冰体的支撑条件,从而增加大规模崩裂的风险。不过,他同时强调,此次灾害具体的触发机制仍需科学家进一步研究确认。

安华表示,全球冰川近年来普遍呈现消融和退缩趋势,带来的灾害是全球性挑战。从瑞士到被称为“世界屋脊”的青藏高原以及喜马拉雅地区,气候变化正在持续改变冰川的稳定状态。据报道,2025年5月,瑞士阿尔卑斯山的一大块冰川崩塌,大量冰块、泥浆和岩石掩埋了瓦莱州布拉滕山村的大部分区域;2021年,位于印度北部北阿肯德邦楠达德维山峰附近发生大规模冰体崩塌。大量岩石、尘土和冰块沿山谷向下冲泻约1500米。灾害造成超过200人死亡或失踪,印度北部多个村庄和两座水力发电设施也被摧毁。

对于如何进一步加强冰川监测预警和风险评估,安华认为,首先要加强对冰川本身变化的观测,冰川表面的碎石和其他碎屑、周边冻土状态以及冰川周围湖泊的变化,也应纳入综合风险评估。“融水量上升、裂隙增多、冰川高程下降,这些都可能成为风险预警信号。”他说,各国可以利用卫星遥感和地面测量设备建立长期监测体系,将不同风险指标纳入模型,对冰川崩塌风险进行评估。对于识别出的高风险区域,应进一步完善应急预案。一旦风险达到一定程度,应及时采取预警措施,并做好下游民众转移避险准备。

“自然灾害没有国界。此次灾害发生在尼泊尔境内,却对中国境内的吉隆口岸造成严重影响。这也凸显了高山冰川灾害风险具有跨越国界的特点。冰川灾害不是某一个国家独自面对的问题,而是整个地区乃至国际社会共同面对的问题。”安华说,国际社会应加强跨国监测与协作,对所有的大型冰川,应建立长期、持续的监测机制。有关国家应加强数据共享、科研合作和风险评估,并探索建立相对统一的监测评估标准。“对此,我呼吁建立覆盖整个相关区域的合作机制,让各方共同监测、共同研究、共同应对。”安华说。

“此次巨大灾害再次提示,在全球气候变化背景下,高山冰川消融、失稳所带来的次生灾害风险需要得到更多关注。从加强冰川长期监测和风险识别,到完善下游应急机制,再到推动跨国数据共享与科研协作,如何更早发现风险、更快发出预警、更有效开展跨区域应对,正成为高山地区防灾减灾面临的重要课题。”安华表示。

环球时报记者 张婉诗 赵瑜莎 张 晗

来源:人民日报

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 各国将加强冰川长期监测体系建设

    Likely · Within months

  • 跨国数据共享与科研合作机制将得到完善

    Possible · Within months

  • 下游地区应急预案和转移避险准备将被完善

    Likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 此次冰川崩塌的确切触发机制是什么?
  • 中尼两国在冰川监测方面目前的合作机制有哪些不足?
  • 如何建立有效的跨国预警和应急响应机制?

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