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Back百年“世界锑都”锡矿山的变迁与新生
百年“世界锑都”锡矿山的变迁与新生
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中国新闻网1 hour agoBusiness7 min readChinaView translation

百年“世界锑都”锡矿山的变迁与新生

从“嘴咬煤油灯”的艰苦劳作到自动化生产与生态修复,湖南娄底锡矿山实现绿色转型

Quick Look

湖南娄底锡矿山曾是“世界锑都”,历经百年变迁,从粗放开采转变为自动化、智能化生产。通过生态修复,该矿区植被覆盖率超80%,并入选联合国“生态系统恢复十年”优秀案例,成为旅游打卡地。

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Why It Matters

锡矿山位于湖南娄底,曾是全球锑产量最高的矿区,因长期粗放开采导致严重生态破坏。该地也是红军长征途中唯一驻扎过的大型工矿区。

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“养崽莫上锡矿山,上山容易下山难。养女莫嫁石匠郎,口吐烟子无下场。”

这是湖南娄底的锡矿山百年前流传的民谣。

彼时的锡矿山矿工,背上驮着矿石,嘴里咬着煤油灯,在黑暗的矿洞里爬行。也是这座锡矿山,成了中国工农红军长征途中唯一驻扎过的大型工矿区,千余名矿工子弟放下矿镐、拿起枪,随红军踏上长征路。

如今,同一座矿山里,锑锭码垛、转运、进料已交由机器人和自动化生产线完成,矿区用上了绿电;曾经光秃秃的矿山如今植被覆盖度已超80%,成了当地的“网红”打卡景点。

近日,中新网记者走进中国五矿集团有限公司所属锡矿山闪星锑业有限责任公司(以下简称锡矿山锑业),探寻这座百年矿山的变迁与新生。

冷水江锡矿山产的其实不是锡,而是锑。

1541年发现矿藏时人们误以为是锡,名字就这么将错就错地留了下来。1897年矿山正式开采,到1908年因锑品产量达全球的一半,这里被誉为“世界锑都”。

当时,锡矿山是湖南省产业工人最集中的地方之一,曾有矿工超10万人,但生存环境极为恶劣。

当地的“矿三代”颜进是锡矿山展览馆的讲解员。他告诉记者,解放前,锡矿山的矿工长期延续着“背上驮矿,嘴咬煤油灯”的劳作方式。在这样的环境下,再精壮的汉子也是“做三年、病三年”,矿工平均只能活到30多岁。

另一方面,人口密度大,工作环境恶劣,矿霸、地主众多,也让锡矿山成了湖南省工人运动开展得最早、最蓬勃的地区,是湖南三大工人运动中心之一。

1935年11月,红六军团1500余人进驻锡矿山,军团政委王震召开群众大会,动员工人群众与矿霸、反动豪绅作斗争,将没收的粮食、布匹分给穷苦工人。

颜进讲述了一个细节,当时红军计划招募400名新兵,结果报名人数远超预期,大家放下矿镐、拿起枪,千余名矿工子弟跟随红军北上抗日。

从1935年11月29日抵达,到12月4日离开,红军在锡矿山的时间虽短,却留下了浓墨重彩的红色印记。

新中国成立后,矿工们逐渐摆脱煤油灯、用上了电灯,锡矿山也把科技研发摆到重要位置。

技术进步带来的改变,可以从锡矿山锑业采选厂的一直井窥得一二。

锡矿山锑业采选厂厂长翟文斌告诉记者,这座上世纪50年代建成的一直井,最初用木制罐笼提升矿石,后来改造为材料和矿石提升兼用。

“2025年,厂里对一直井进行改造,目前主要用于人员提升,并增设折返楼梯作为安全出口,把重大安全隐患彻底整改到位。”翟文斌介绍,目前采选厂已推广凿岩台车、铲运机、电瓶机车等井下先进设备,逐步实现采、掘、出全程机械化生产。

更直观的变化发生在精细冶金厂里。一块块锑锭被送入锑白自动化生产线,这条生产线集锑锭码垛、存储、转运、进料、产品包装等于一体,已实现了生产全流程的自动化控制。

精细冶金厂副厂长禹健告诉记者,几年前,锑锭的码垛作业还只能依靠人力完成。一个锑锭几十斤重、一个码好的托盘达2.7吨,工人劳动强度大。

如今,码垛、存储、转运、进料已由机器人和自动化系统完成,系统全面投产后,不仅提升了本质安全水平,生产效率也提高了近30%。

生产线末端,锑锭被冶炼成如面粉般细腻的白色粉末——三氧化二锑,俗称“锑白”。这是现代工业重要的阻燃协效剂,不仅广泛用于塑料、树脂、纺织物等材料中,也应用于汽车、家电等领域。

从井下到地面,变化层层推进,产品也越走越远。目前,锡矿山锑业的锑品在国家锑品出口管制前已远销50多个国家和地区,国内市场占有率约30%、全球约25%。

“一只白色的鸟从锡矿山飞过,都会变成黑色。”这是老一辈人对锡矿山的记忆。

长达百年的粗放式矿业开发,让这座“世界锑都”山体挖损、植被荒芜、石漠化严重,土壤与水体中锑、砷等重金属超标。那时候,“晴天一身灰,雨天一身泥”是常态。

如今,经过持续的生态修复治理,曾经光秃秃的矿山再现生机。针对矿区存在的复杂生态问题,锡矿山锑业协同当地政府采取山水林田湖草沙一体化保护修复解决方案,通过治矿山、治污染水体、治裸露山体、治荒废田地、治地质灾害等工程措施,达到协同治理的目的。

近年来,锡矿山锑业还利用矿区闲置土地建设了“光伏+矿山修复”项目,年发电量约610万千瓦时,每年可减排二氧化碳约3200吨。百年矿山正向绿色化、智能化迈进。

复绿后的锡矿山,是另一番景象。废弃矿坑上建起了“玫瑰爱琴海”,连片石林错落起伏,形似“万马奔腾”……

当地人说,每到花开时节,游人如织,美得像童话世界。近年来,锡矿山年均接待游客已突破50万人次,旅游收入突破3亿元,带动大量回迁居民吃上了“旅游饭”。

2025年5月,这座百年矿山的生态保护修复项目,入选联合国“生态系统恢复十年”行动的优秀案例,全球仅20个。

颜进感慨:“以前我们自己都拼命想逃离锡矿山,根本不敢邀请别人来。现在可以负责任地说,这里望得见青山、看得见绿水、记得住乡愁。”

Open Questions

  • 未来生态旅游的长期经济可持续性如何?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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