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Back鼠疫疑云超一周,俄罗斯仍未作出官方解释
鼠疫疑云超一周,俄罗斯仍未作出官方解释
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纽约时报中文网2 hours agoHealth2 min readChinaView translation

鼠疫疑云超一周,俄罗斯仍未作出官方解释

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一名28岁的俄罗斯鼠疫研究员达里娅·希皮洛娃在伊尔库茨克地区因不明原因肺炎死亡已逾一周,俄罗斯当局尚未公布死因或确认是否感染鼠疫杆菌,尽管对其遗体及接触者进行数千次检测均未发现危险病原体,世卫组织正努力查明致病因子,事件引发对实验室安全与信任缺失的国际关注,尤其在新冠溯源未果及俄罗斯被指可能从事生物武器研究的背景下。

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一名28岁的俄罗斯鼠疫研究员达里娅·希皮洛娃在伊尔库茨克地区因不明原因肺炎死亡,俄罗斯当局未公布死因,尽管进行数千次检测未发现危险病原体,世卫组织正努力查明致病因子。

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一名年轻的鼠疫研究人员因肺炎神秘死亡已超过一周,俄罗斯至今仍未公开确认导致她死亡的病原体。

由于这名研究人员可能是在实验室感染肺鼠疫的,这引发了全球对疫情暴发的担忧。不过,随着伊尔库茨克地区未出现其他已知病例,这种担忧已经开始消退。10月2日,28岁的达里娅·希皮洛娃在该地区去世。她生前是西伯利亚及远东地区抗鼠疫研究所的一名研究人员。

然而,尽管当局对当地其他居民以及希皮洛娃的遗体进行了数千次检测,却始终未对她的死因给出官方解释,这不禁令人怀疑,俄罗斯威权政府是否有所隐瞒,如果确实如此,它究竟在隐瞒什么?

据俄罗斯公共卫生监管机构——联邦消费者权益保护和公益监督局称,希皮洛娃的遗体没有检测出她在研究所接触的任何危险病原体呈阳性,其中包括引起鼠疫的细菌。该监管机构说,她死于来源不明的肺炎。肺炎可由多种病毒、细菌和真菌引起。

世界卫生组织负责流行病和大流行病管理的主任玛丽亚·范凯尔克霍夫周三在新闻发布会上表示,世卫组织仍在设法查明这起致命肺炎病例的“致病因子”,包括确认它是否由鼠疫引起。

“如果鼠疫的可能性被排除了——他们说已经排除了——那么她究竟是因为什么死的?”范凯尔克霍夫问道。

专家表示,他们认为,凭借现代检测技术,俄罗斯当局现在应该已经知道答案。

“按理说,他们有能力在几天内完成简单的基因组测序,”拜登政府时期曾担任白宫公共卫生官员的拉杰·潘贾比说。“按理说,他们已经做了测序,但没有公布结果,这令人担忧。”

这些挥之不去的疑问反映出全球公众普遍存在的信任缺失,而这种不信任在一定程度上源于新冠疫情的起源至今仍未得到解答。

新冠疫情给世界带来巨大冲击,六年多过去了,人们仍有诸多疑问尚未得到解答,其中包括:在疫情最初暴发的那座中国城市,一家从事蝙蝠冠状病毒研究的实验室是否与疫情暴发有关。中国迅速否认了这种可能性,并阻碍国际社会对此展开调查。

在俄罗斯,任何一起疑似病原体从实验室泄漏的事件都会引起国际社会的高度关注。部分原因是,根据美国情报界的年度威胁评估,俄罗斯是世界上少数几个仍在开展生物武器研究的国家之一。

这加剧了美国官员和专家的担忧,他们指出,美国在应对这类威胁方面存在薄弱环节。

“美国没有获得许可的鼠疫疫苗,”战略风险委员会高级研究员、曾在五角大楼负责生物防御事务的安德鲁·韦伯说。“鉴于俄罗斯有一个非法生物武器项目,这非常令人担忧。”

听取过美国情报简报的人士表示,没有迹象表明伊尔库茨克的这家研究所正在开展生物武器研究。这些人士要求匿名,以便坦率地作出评估。

根据今年在莫斯科一场传染病会议上发表的研究摘要,希皮洛娃参与了针对鼠疫耶尔森菌的研究,测试哪些抗生素及多大剂量能够有效对抗这种引发鼠疫的细菌。

鼠疫在西伯利亚和世界其他一些地区属于地方性流行病。14世纪肆虐欧亚大陆的“黑死病”就是由鼠疫引起的,但如果及早发现,可用抗生素治疗。肺鼠疫被认为是鼠疫三种主要感染类型中最危险的一种,因为它可以在人与人之间传播,并迅速引发致命性肺炎。

俄罗斯当局将希皮洛娃称为“患者”,并表示她已经接种了针对其工作中接触的危险微生物的疫苗,对研究所进行的两次调查也排除了实验室存在任何“紧急情况”。他们说,之所以在伊尔库茨克地区采取隔离措施,是考虑到患者的工作性质,出于谨慎而采取的预防措施。

鼠疫疫苗早已问世,但专家对其有效性和安全性一直存在严重质疑。

除了是什么病原体导致希皮洛娃患上肺炎之外,还有许多问题没有答案,包括她去世前几天在哪里、当时在研究所做什么,以及她的病症最初何时出现、有哪些表现,之后又是如何发展的。

世界各地研究致命病原体的实验室都会采取严格的防护措施,避免工作人员受到感染,但事故仍有发生。

尽管俄罗斯迅速采取行动,对与这名研究人员有过接触的人实施隔离和检测,但俄联邦消费者权益保护和公益监督局没有举行过任何新闻发布会,只是不定期发布公开声明。克里姆林宫则拒绝回答具体问题,敦促公众只听取公共卫生官员发布的信息。

对于其他可能影响公众健康的事件,俄罗斯也曾迟迟不肯披露相关细节。

2019年,俄罗斯在白海打捞一枚核动力导弹失败,引发爆炸,造成七人死亡。莫斯科隐瞒了这一事件的关键信息。俄罗斯当局最初既没有说明事件涉及核装置,也没有承认辐射水平曾急剧上升,更没有提醒医生,他们正在救治的患者受到了辐射。

德国汉堡大学和平研究与安全政策研究所高级研究员亚历山大·凯勒表示,不披露信息长期以来一直是苏联乃至如今俄罗斯官僚机构的惯常做法。他提醒人们,不要因为披露的细节有限就过度解读。

“正因为信息缺乏,我们就必须谨慎,不能因此认定背后有什么不可告人的勾当,”凯勒说,并指出研究人员研究危险病原体有许多正当的公共卫生理由。

他说,如果据此推断这起事件与俄罗斯的生物战研究存在任何联系,那就“远远超出了目前极其有限的证据所能支持的范围”。

伊尔库茨克州州长伊戈尔·科布泽夫周四发布视频讲话,试图为这一事件画上句号。他说,对该地区相关人员的医学监测已经结束,并感谢俄罗斯其他官员在受到密切关注的情况下迅速采取行动。

科布泽夫称,世卫组织已公开确认不存在公共卫生风险。然而,世卫组织表示,尚未从俄罗斯获得足够的信息,无法进行风险评估。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 俄罗斯联邦消费者权益保护和公益监督局将在未来几周内发布更详细的检测报告,但可能仍不公布具体病原体信息。

    Likely · Within weeks

  • 世卫组织将继续施压要求俄罗斯提供更多流行病学和实验室数据,以完成风险评估。

    Very likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 导致希皮洛娃死亡的确切病原体是什么?
  • 她是在何时何地如何感染的?
  • 俄罗斯当局是否进行了基因测序但未公布结果?
  • 伊尔库茨克实验室是否涉及生物武器研究?

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This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

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