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Back专家谈帕金森病:无法根治但可“活得好”
专家谈帕金森病:无法根治但可“活得好”
Health
中国新闻网3 hours agoHealth13 min readChina

专家谈帕金森病:无法根治但可“活得好”

我国帕金森病患者超500万,专家呼吁科学管理与个体化治疗

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值此全国科普月之际,专家指出帕金森病虽无法根治但可通过科学管理实现“活得好”。我国帕金森病患者已超500万,多学科综合治疗与智能技术正助力患者维持生活质量。

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Why It Matters

帕金森病是与衰老密切相关的常见运动功能障碍疾病,中国国内患者总数已超500万。

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首都医科大学宣武医院主任医师陈彪还记得,曾有一位55岁的帕金森病患者对他说:“陈教授,找到您我就放心了,您一定能治好我。”陈彪的回答让患者意外:“我从没完全治愈过一个帕金森病患者。”

“那病人马上就问我什么意思。”陈彪回忆,“我和他说,帕金森病目前尚无法治好,但可以‘活得好’。”

9月是全国科普月。近日,陈彪在接受中青报·中青网记者采访时表示,帕金森病是与衰老密切相关的神经退行性疾病,目前尚无法根治,但通过科学管理,患者可以活到接近自己的预期寿命,能实现“做自己想做的事”。

帕金森病是一种常见的运动功能障碍疾病。根据《中国帕金森病治疗指南(第四版)》,我国65岁以上人群帕金森病患病率达1.7%,且随年龄增长,患病率进一步增加,80岁以上超过4%。《中国帕金森病报告2025》显示,国内患者总数已超500万。

帕金森病并非由单一原因引起。陈彪介绍,它是遗传、环境暴露与生活方式、生物衰老过程三者共同作用的结果。不同患者的病因侧重不同:有人遗传因素更突出,有人则因头部外伤、有毒物接触等环境因素诱发。用脑过度的个体,大脑衰老速度相对更快,也属于高危人群。

从病理角度看,帕金森病的发展是一条“三部曲”般的渐进路径:首先,大脑中产生一种特殊的“垃圾”——路易小体,其主要成分是聚积的α-突触核蛋白;随后,多巴胺神经元逐渐死亡,数量减少;最后,才会出现手抖、动作慢、肢体僵硬等典型运动症状。而等到运动症状出现,多巴胺神经元一般已经丢失了约50%,多巴胺分泌降到正常水平的10%-20%。这意味着,从病理改变到症状出现,有一个长达10-15年的“前驱期”。

陈雅的奶奶在3年前确诊帕金森病。“最初只是手会轻微发抖,行动和日常自理全都没问题,还经常出门遛弯、和邻居闲聊。”陈雅说,“当时只当是年纪大了正常的小毛病,并没有放在心上。”然而大半年后,奶奶的情况开始变差,走路脚步发沉、转身费劲,吃饭拿筷子都开始不稳,“我赶紧带着奶奶去医院检查,结果确诊是帕金森病。”

刚确诊时,陈雅一度很愧疚:“家里人都不了解这个病。如果在症状刚刚出现的时候就引起重视、尽早干预,症状或许不会发展得这么快。”

目前,帕金森病的治疗方法和手段包括药物治疗、手术治疗、肉毒毒素治疗、运动疗法、心理干预、照料护理等。药物治疗作为首选,是整个治疗过程中的主要手段。早期帕金森病患者的治疗以药物补充多巴胺为主,陈彪形象地将其比作“叫外卖”——患者自身多巴胺分泌不足,通过药物从外部补充。

当药物效果下降、出现并发症时,手术治疗可以作为一种有效补充手段。例如脑深部电刺激术(DBS)可以通过调节脑网络改善患者的运动功能。干细胞治疗则是近年来备受关注的前沿方向。

“患者和家属应警惕‘能治好’的虚假宣传。目前帕金森病治疗的目标是让患者活得好,而不是彻底治愈。”陈彪提醒,患者应根据自身需求与医生共同制定个体化方案,在药物、手术、康复等综合手段下,尽可能长时间地维持功能。

林悦的母亲周阿姨5年前确诊帕金森病。“最开始感觉天塌了。”林悦说,“一想到热爱爬山的母亲,最后会连路都走不了,就感觉很心痛。”

确诊之后,林悦立即带母亲去医院确定治疗方案,规律吃多巴胺类药物,剂量调整严格按照医生指导。林悦开始学习一些帕金森病护理相关的知识,把生活调成了“慢节奏”:米饭煮得软烂些,蔬菜切小丁或打成泥,不吃粗糙、过干的食物,让妈妈慢慢吃东西,避免呛咳;家里的地面铺防滑垫,散步时陪着她慢慢走;每天帮妈妈做简单的吞咽训练和肢体拉伸,比如空咽口水、缓慢抬胳膊,延缓肌肉退化。

随着时间的推移,林悦和母亲逐渐学会和疾病共处。“5年过去,妈妈依然能笑着给我煮饭,和我散步,虽然手抖、步态变慢的症状还在,但能把疾病进展控制住,我们就觉得这些努力没白费。”

“‘活得好’由谁定义?是病人自己,不是医生。能自己做想做的事,才叫幸福。”在陈彪看来,帕金森病的管理是科学,也是“哲学”。医生需要根据患者的生活目标、工作需求和疾病阶段,灵活调整治疗方案,比如冻结步态(帕金森病患者行走时突然短暂无法迈步的现象‌——记者注)、吞咽障碍等可能导致跌倒、肺炎等严重并发症甚至死亡,必须主动干预,然后再帮助患者实现功能维护的目标。

帕金森病患者出院后谁来管,也是临床面临的现实难题。陈彪团队正在探索用技术手段解决这一问题:团队研发的智能鞋,可实时监测患者步态和跌倒风险,当检测到冻结步态时,通过振动提示帮助患者迈步,兼具监测、指导和干预功能。同时,AI分身技术将团队二三十年的临床经验数字化,患者可随时咨询,获得个性化指导。

“衰老是必然过程,但可以通过健康生活方式延缓帕金森病的进程。”陈彪建议,保证充足睡眠、适度运动、减少过度用脑,都是保护大脑的有效方式。“每个人都是自己健康的第一责任人。”陈彪说。

(为保护受访者隐私,陈雅、林悦为化名)

Open Questions

  • 智能鞋和AI分身技术何时能大规模临床应用?
  • 未来干细胞治疗帕金森病是否有望取得突破?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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