
考古研究发现苏巴什佛寺僧侣以黍和小麦为主食,葡萄为主要果品,且植物遗存体现了寺院经济与佛教供养文化
中国科学院大学蒋洪恩教授团队通过对新疆库车苏巴什佛寺的考古研究,揭示了晋唐时期僧侣的植物性饮食结构。研究发现,当时的僧侣以黍、小麦为主食,辅以多种果品,且植物遗存反映了当时的寺院经济及佛教供养习俗。
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苏巴什佛寺位于新疆库车市,是古龟兹地区规模最大、历史最悠久的佛教建筑群。该遗址使用年代跨越东汉末年至13世纪,晋唐时期为其鼎盛阶段。
中新网内蒙古呼伦贝尔9月3日电 (记者 孙自法)在中国古代,西域地区寺庙的僧侣们拥有怎样的植物性饮食结构?与佛教文化相关的植物资源的利用有哪些?
中国科学院大学人文学院教授蒋洪恩与新疆维吾尔自治区文物考古研究所陈意副研究员合作,开展新疆库车苏巴什佛寺植物遗存研究发现,晋唐时期,苏巴什佛寺僧侣的粮食作物组合以黍和小麦为主、青稞为辅;水果与干果方面,葡萄占据绝对优势,桃、杏和枣次之,另有沙枣与甜瓜;野生果实有沙棘和白刺等。
第八届中国边疆考古学术研讨会9月2日至3日在内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市举行,蒋洪恩教授在研讨会新疆地区分会场分享考古成果和会间接受采访时作上述表示。
他介绍说,苏巴什佛寺位于新疆阿克苏地区库车市却勒塔格山南麓,海拔1250米至1280米。
作为天山南麓古龟兹地区的重要佛教建筑群,苏巴什佛寺是古西域地区保留至今规模最大、保存最完整、历史最悠久的佛教建筑群遗址,也是丝绸之路上古龟兹地区作为西域佛教传播中心的见证。
苏巴什佛寺使用年代为东汉末年至13世纪,晋唐为鼎盛时期。得益于当地极端的干旱条件,为植物遗存等有机质考古遗存提供了干旱的保存环境,植物遗存保存相对完整。
蒋洪恩指出,考古团队2023年在库车苏巴什佛寺东寺遗址发掘时,通过针对性采样法、小水桶浮选法和筛选法获取一批植物资源利用及其与佛教关联的遗存样本,主要发现黍、小麦和青稞3种粮食作物;枣、葡萄、胡桃、桃等7种园艺作物;经济作物发现亚麻1种;景观植物有侧柏1种;另有杂草稗子、顶羽菊等9种。
其中,作为佛寺供品,佛殿遗迹共发现有10种植物遗存,包括小麦和青稞2种粮食作物,桃、杏、枣、沙枣、核桃、葡萄和甜瓜7种果品。根据吐鲁番出土的《高昌某寺月用斛斗帐历》,麦和枣可用作供养佛的供品。
经济作物亚麻可分为油用、纤维用和油纤兼用等三种不同的类型;苏巴什佛寺所发表亚麻的属性有待进一步研究。这是亚麻在中国的较早记录,也体现为潜在的寺院经济来源。
根据《大唐西域记》记载,龟兹国“出蒲萄、石榴,多梨、柰、桃、杏”,由此可见,龟兹本地应种植有葡萄、桃和杏等果品。
蒋洪恩表示,丰富的植物遗存表明,晋唐时期苏巴什佛寺僧侣的植物性食物结构多样化;水果和干果可能不仅是僧侣的食物,还是供养佛的供品,也是寺院经济的主体部分。
同时,丰富的植物遗存,体现出晋唐时期苏巴什佛寺僧侣对植物有着较高的认知水平;景观植物侧柏的发现,更是为晋唐时期僧侣们对佛寺庄严肃穆氛围的审美需求提供了实物证据。

The European and Japanese BepiColombo spacecraft separated from their cruiser on Thursday, beginning the final leg of their journey to Mercury. Controllers waited two hours for confirmation via radio signals from ESA's control centre in Germany. If successful, the spacecraft will enter Mercury's orbit in November and split in December to study the planet.

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Hideki Shirakawa, Japanese Nobel Prize winner in chemistry and emeritus professor at the University of Tsukuba, passed away in Yokohama on August 24 at the age of 90. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 for his development of "conductive polymers" that overturned the perception that plastics are not conductive. He has had a profound impact on the application of modern information technology industries.

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