Historic US ocean liner sinks near Florida to become world’s largest artificial reef
Quick Look
- The historic SS United States was sunk off Destin, Florida, on Wednesday to become the world's largest artificial reef, resting at 180ft depth in the Gulf of Mexico.
- The 1952 ocean liner, once the fastest in the world, was purchased by Okaloosa County in 2024 for $1m after years docked in Philadelphia.
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Why It Matters
The SS United States was launched in 1952 and set a transatlantic speed record on its maiden voyage. It operated for 17 years before being retired in 1969 and remained docked in Philadelphia for years as preservation efforts struggled with rising maintenance costs.
The historic SS United States has reached the end of its journey at sea, sinking Wednesday off the coast of Destin, Florida, where it will begin a new life underwater as an artificial reef.
The nearly 1,000ft American-made vessel, once the fastest ocean liner in the world, was launched in 1952 and made history by setting a transatlantic speed record during its maiden voyage. The ship carried thousands of passengers across the Atlantic over 17 years of operation before being retired in 1969.
On Wednesday, the ship was deployed at approximately 2.40pm ET, with the sinking process beginning shortly before 5pm. The ship had been hollowed out, with openings cut into its hull to let water in and help it sink upright to the ocean floor. Over the next several hours, the ship gradually filled with water before finally sinking to the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico around 10pm.
It will rest on the seafloor at a depth of approximately 180ft, the ship's upper decks sitting about 55ft below the surface. As the world's largest artificial reef, the site is expected to become a popular diving destination for divers around the world.
For years, the SS United States remained docked in Philadelphia, as various owners attempted to save and restore it. However, the rising costs of maintaining the ageing vessel complicated preservation efforts. In 2021, port authorities raised the daily dockage fee to $1,700, a cost the non-profit SS United States Conservancy could no longer afford.
In 2024, Florida's Okaloosa county purchased the ship for $1m, with plans to transform it into the world's largest artificial reef. Officials expect the structure to provide a new habitat for a variety of marine life, including red snapper, grouper, amberjack, mackerel and tuna.
Before its sinking, Susan Gibbs, president and co-founder of the conservancy, said: "She's being reefed and will remain intact and will become a vibrant and dynamic marine habitat, so that, combined with the land-based museum and visitor experience, will honor her history in a deeply moving way."
Gibbs, whose grandfather, William Francis Gibbs, designed the ship, also reflected on his personal connection to the vessel, saying: "His relationship with the ship was, I would say, a full-bore obsession. He would joke that he loved the SS United States a thousand times more than my grandmother. He would see the ship off every time she set sail for Europe, and be one of the first to greet her on her return."
Open Questions
- When will the land-based museum and visitor experience open?
- What is the total cost of the reef deployment project?
- How long will it take for marine life to fully colonize the reef?
