
法國總統馬克宏推動「前沿核嚇阻」計畫,已有10個歐洲國家參與,旨在增加俄羅斯面臨的戰略不確定性。
隨著美國安全承諾信心動搖,法國總統馬克宏推動「前沿核嚇阻」計畫,考慮在歐洲部署具核打擊能力的飆風戰機及情報共享。目前已有英、德、波蘭等10國參與,但法國仍保有獨立核武決策權。
AI-generated summary
法國總統馬克宏3月宣布前沿核嚇阻計畫,旨在加強歐洲核嚇阻合作。
法國空軍「飆風」戰機可搭載ASMP-A核巡弋飛彈,是法國空中核嚇阻力量的重要一環。(圖取自法國國防部)
隨著歐洲對美國安全承諾的信心動搖,法國正與歐洲盟友擴大核嚇阻合作。法國總統馬克宏提出的「前沿核嚇阻」計畫,考慮在歐洲部署具核打擊能力的「飆風」戰機,並建立新的通訊、預警與情報共享機制,增加俄羅斯面臨的戰略不確定性。
《華爾街日報》25日報導,自馬克宏3月宣布計畫以來,已有10個歐洲國家以不同程度參與,包括英國、德國、波蘭及北歐國家。法國戰略事務顧問沙泰爾表示,這項安排將讓法國在核衝突升級時擁有更多部署核武的選項。挪威外長艾德(Espen Barth Eide)則強調,法國計畫是補充既有的美國核保護傘,而非取而代之。
法國掌握核武決策權 波海3國未參與
馬克宏表示,法國的「核心利益」不只限於本國領土,也具有歐洲層面的意義。法國將恢復製造核裝置,並不再公開核武庫存規模。目前法國估計擁有約290枚核彈頭,但巴黎並未明確界定核心利益涵蓋的地理範圍,也未向盟國提供明確的核保護承諾。
目前參與倡議的10國包括英國、德國、荷蘭、比利時、波蘭、希臘、芬蘭、挪威、瑞典及丹麥。最接近俄羅斯的波羅的海3國並未列入,義大利則未加入。芬蘭總統史塔布表示,芬蘭沒有計畫在和平時期於本土部署核武,但認為參與倡議有助於掌握資訊,並為俄羅斯製造戰略難題。
法國與美國的核嚇阻架構也有差異。美國在歐洲部署B-61重力核彈,使用須經美國與相關盟國雙方同意;法國則維持獨立核武決策權。「飆風」戰機搭載的ASMP-A核巡弋飛彈,具備打擊俄羅斯主要城市的能力,受訪分析人士認為,這使法國核武對俄嚇阻的方式有別於美國的核共享安排。
這項合作仍有政治變數。法國刻意保留完整核武決策權,以爭取國內不同政治立場的支持,包括極右翼國民聯盟。法國戰略研究基金會副主任、核政策專家特雷泰(Bruno Tertrais)警告,若「國民聯盟」極右派領袖馬琳.勒班(Marine Le Pen)未來執政,法國對俄嚇阻及安撫歐洲盟友的可信度可能受到質疑。
曾在拜登政府擔任五角大廈核政策主管的麻省理工學院教授納蘭格(Vipin Narang)則表示,法國倡議不應被視為美國延伸嚇阻的替代方案,但法國在相關合作上已取得進展。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
法國將繼續推動與歐洲盟友的核嚇阻合作與情報共享。
Likely · Within months

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