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Back中國在伊朗戰爭中的立場與挑戰:能源依賴與地緣政治平衡
中國在伊朗戰爭中的立場與挑戰:能源依賴與地緣政治平衡
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BBC中文2 hours agoWorld3 min readChinaView translation

中國在伊朗戰爭中的立場與挑戰:能源依賴與地緣政治平衡

Quick Look

在習近平訪美前,北京接待伊朗外長阿拉格齊,凸顯中國對伊朗的影響力。中國譴責美以對伊朗的攻擊與制裁,同時呼籲結束戰爭並重開霍爾木茲海峽。儘管中國石油儲備緩衝能源衝擊,但長期戰爭將增加經濟成本。中國需在維護伊朗核心利益與避免成為中美衝突因素之間取得平衡。美國海上封鎖限制伊朗對華石油出口,中國或轉向陸路運輸但成本更高。中國經濟增長放緩,出口成為主要引擎,能源危機可能加劇全球衰退風險。北京反對非法單邊制裁,但未公開同意參與對伊朗金融施壓,以避免為美國施壓樹立先例。

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Why It Matters

伊朗戰爭自七個月前爆發以來,中國一直維持一貫立場:譴責美以對伊朗的攻擊與制裁,同時呼籲結束戰爭並重開霍爾木茲海峽。中國石油儲備規模雖為國家機密,但外界估計2025年介乎10億至14億桶,足以應付約254天中東石油進口。中國經濟增長放緩,出口成為主要引擎,淨出口佔GDP增長的32.7%,為1997年以來最高水平。

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作者,薩伊德·賈法里(Saeed Jafari)

角色,BBC政治分析員

作者,WSL Global Journalism

發表 2 分鐘前

閱讀時間: 3 分鐘

在中國國家主席習近平對美國進行備受矚目的訪問前幾天,北京接待了伊朗外長阿巴斯·阿拉格齊(Abbas Araghchi),這也提醒外界,中國對德黑蘭具有一定影響力。

預料伊朗戰爭將是周四特朗普與習近平會晤時的主要議題之一。

自伊朗戰爭七個月前爆發以來,中國一直維持一貫立場。北京譴責美國和以色列對伊朗的攻擊,以及華盛頓對德黑蘭實施的制裁。與此同時,中方亦多次呼籲結束戰爭,尤其要求重新開放霍爾木茲海峽。

憑藉龐大的石油儲備和能源多元化策略,中國至今相當順利地抵禦了伊朗戰爭帶來的衝擊。

英國埃克塞特大學(University of Exeter)中國與中東問題專家安德烈亞·吉塞利(Andrea Ghiselli)表示,中國可以在目前的處境下維持更長時間,但經濟成本只會愈來愈高。

不過他說,中國既希望戰爭結束,也需要在這一利益與其他地緣政治考量之間取得平衡。

「中國不希望這場衝突成為中美關係中的一個麻煩因素」,但同時也「不會損害伊朗的核心利益和訴求」,吉塞利博士說。

他解釋:「伊朗和中國的立場大致一致,雙方都認為,美國和以色列的侵略性行動是這場衝突爆發並持續至今的原因。」

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能源與經濟

國際危機組織(International Crisis Group)的哈米德雷扎·阿齊茲(Hamidreza Azizi)表示,作為能源消費國,中國會因戰爭持續而「受到損害」。

根據美國能源信息署2025年的一份報告,石油約佔中國能源消耗總量的五分之一,但其中超過70%依賴進口。

中國去年每日進口約140萬桶伊朗石油,只佔其原油進口量的12%。相比之下,中東其他地區佔42%,遠高於伊朗。

中國已經能夠以俄羅斯、巴西和其他出口國的供應,取代部分原本來自伊朗和其他海灣產油國的石油。不過,要替代從該地區購入的天然氣,就困難得多。

中國龐大的石油儲備協助其承受戰爭造成的能源衝擊。中國的石油儲備規模仍屬國家機密,但外界估計,2025年的儲量介乎10億至14億桶。

美國哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University)中國能源研究員埃里卡·唐斯(Erica Downs)說:「如果中國在戰爭開始時約有14億桶石油庫存,按照2025年的水平計算,足以應付254天從中東進口的石油。」

她補充,由於戰爭期間仍有部分中東石油運抵中國,中國的石油儲備實際上可能可以維持得更久。

不過,路透社亞洲大宗商品專欄作家克萊德·拉塞爾(Clyde Russell)的數據顯示,過去四個月中,中國有三個月需要動用石油儲備,當中包括8月。

唐斯博士說:「北京大概希望早一點而不是遲一點停止動用庫存,從而保留相當規模的緩衝空間。」

如果獲伊朗支持的胡塞武裝加強對沙特阿拉伯的攻擊,並進一步控制曼德海峽,全球能源市場可能變得更加波動。

伊朗戰爭帶來的經濟困境甚至可能引發全球經濟危機,這對依賴出口的中國經濟而言將是壞消息。

自2019年以來,中國經濟增長一直放緩。這個全球第二大經濟體正面對房地產危機、與西方的貿易摩擦,以及地方政府債務上升等問題。

因此,根據總部位於華盛頓的智庫戰略與國際研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)的數據,去年淨出口佔中國國內生產總值增長的32.7%,是1997年以來最高水平。由於國內消費仍然疲弱,出口已成為推動經濟增長的主要引擎。

制裁、海上封鎖和談判

隨着戰爭陷入僵局,特朗普政府繼續加大對德黑蘭的經濟壓力。華盛頓警告,支持伊朗經濟的企業、銀行和國家可能面臨次級制裁。

到目前為止,儘管美國已制裁數間中國公司和實體,但仍沒有對中國主要銀行採取行動。在美中貿易緊張關係仍然高企之際,華盛頓在這方面一直保持審慎。

北京並未公開同意華盛頓要求其加入對伊朗金融施壓行動的要求。中方表示反對「非法單邊制裁」,並稱中國與伊朗的合作是在國際法框架內進行。

伊朗問題分析員阿齊茲表示,中國不太可能因為美國施壓而停止購買伊朗石油。

他說:「中國人不希望開創一個先例,讓美國可以透過施壓,迫使中國企業和銀行執行美國的政策。」

不過,美國的海上封鎖已嚴重限制伊朗向中國買家輸送石油的能力。

路透社報道,伊朗3月每日出口200萬桶石油,但到8月已跌至每日22萬至25.5萬桶。自美國7月14日恢復海上封鎖後,再沒有伊朗原油成功穿越霍爾木茲海峽並抵達中國。

美國喬治華盛頓大學(George Washington University)伊朗問題專家穆罕默德·蓋迪(Mohammad Ghaedi)表示,如果封鎖持續,伊朗與中國之間的貿易將愈來愈局限於陸路運輸,但陸路運輸成本更高,出口能力也遠低於海運。

中國希望減輕金融制裁所造成的影響,並不代表它有能力或有意願挑戰海上封鎖。突破這類封鎖可能令北京與華盛頓陷入程度截然不同的對抗。目前沒有跡象顯示中國領導層準備承受這種代價。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中國將在短期內繼續從伊朗進口石油,但將依賴陸路運輸以繞過美國海上封鎖

    Likely · Within months

  • 如果伊朗戰爭導致全球能源市場波動並引發經濟危機,中國出口導向型經濟將受到顯著負面影響

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 中國是否會在美國壓力下減少或停止購買伊朗石油?
  • 如果霍爾木茲海峽封鎖持續,中國是否會大幅增加對俄羅斯、巴西等國石油的依賴?
  • 中國在維護伊朗核心利益與避免成為中美衝突因素之間,將如何具體平衡?
  • 美國次級制裁是否會擴大到中國主要銀行?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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