Breaking
INUS Supreme Court Allows Temporary Resumption of Third-Country DeportationsRUIn Vladivostok, after a heavy downpour, the streets were flooded, the Ministry of Emergency Situations pulled out stuck vehiclesDEExplosive ordnance defusal in Potsdam-Groß Glienicke leads to closures and diversionsTR18 people lost their lives in Filo Jet ferry accident, 10 people are still wantedCNFamily of four hospitalized after fire at Sha Tin public housing estateBRDebate between ES government candidates takes place this Tuesday at 10:15 pm on Rede GazetaITRussia warns NATO: ready to defend Kaliningrad with all its arsenal, while a Tu-95 bomber crashes in eastern Russia causing six deathsRUPolice free suspects with petrol near UK air baseRUFormer LPR lieutenant colonel announced the possible mobilization of up to five million women in UkraineRUPoll: Most US voters want Democrats to control the House of RepresentativesINUS Supreme Court Allows Temporary Resumption of Third-Country DeportationsRUIn Vladivostok, after a heavy downpour, the streets were flooded, the Ministry of Emergency Situations pulled out stuck vehiclesDEExplosive ordnance defusal in Potsdam-Groß Glienicke leads to closures and diversionsTR18 people lost their lives in Filo Jet ferry accident, 10 people are still wantedCNFamily of four hospitalized after fire at Sha Tin public housing estateBRDebate between ES government candidates takes place this Tuesday at 10:15 pm on Rede GazetaITRussia warns NATO: ready to defend Kaliningrad with all its arsenal, while a Tu-95 bomber crashes in eastern Russia causing six deathsRUPolice free suspects with petrol near UK air baseRUFormer LPR lieutenant colonel announced the possible mobilization of up to five million women in UkraineRUPoll: Most US voters want Democrats to control the House of Representatives
Back美軍撤離伊拉克:駐軍20年留下什麼遺產?接下來會發生什麼?
美軍撤離伊拉克:駐軍20年留下什麼遺產?接下來會發生什麼?
Developing
BBC中文1 hour agoWorld4 min readChinaView translation

美軍撤離伊拉克:駐軍20年留下什麼遺產?接下來會發生什麼?

Quick Look

美國計劃在9月30日前完成從伊拉克撤出剩餘軍隊,結束超過20年的軍事存在。此次撤軍基於2024年美伊協議,旨在結束反ISIS行動,但專家認為美軍影響力不會完全消失,伊朗支持民兵及地區緊張局勢將成為後續關鍵變數。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美軍自2003年入侵伊拉克以來,經歷過兩次主要撤離(2011年與2020年代),中間期間因應ISIS崛起於2014年重返。此次撤軍基於2024年美伊協議,旨在結束反ISIS行動,但地區安全格局已深刻改變。

Font size

美軍撤離伊拉克:駐軍20年留下什麼遺產?接下來會發生什麼?

Author, 路易斯·巴魯喬(Luis Barrucho)

Role, BBC國際部記者

Published 5 分鐘前

閱讀時間: 5 分鐘

美國計劃在9月30日前完成從伊拉克撤出剩餘軍隊,結束持續超過20年、深刻影響了伊拉克的軍事部署。

這次撤軍標誌着一段軍事存在的終結。這段歷史始於2003年美國入侵伊拉克、推翻薩達姆·侯賽因(Saddam Hussein),其後經歷多年叛亂及教派暴力。美軍曾於2011年撤離,但在2014年重返協助擊敗「伊斯蘭國」組織(Islamic State, IS)。

最新一輪撤軍之際,美國與伊朗之間持續的緊張關係,再次令駐伊拉克美軍人員暴露於攻擊風險之中。

然而專家表示,隨着美軍撤離,美國對伊拉克的影響力不太可能就此消失。

現在發生什麼事?為什麼?

從官方角度而言,撤軍是根據華盛頓與巴格達於2024年達成的協議進行,目的是結束由美國領導、針對「伊斯蘭國」的「固有決心行動」(Operation Inherent Resolve)聯軍任務。IS 在美國亦被稱為 ISIS。

2007年伊拉克戰爭高峰期,超過17萬名美軍在當地部署。根據美國中央司令部資料,在撤軍協議達成前的2023年12月,數字已降至約2,400人。

此後,美軍進一步縮減在當地的部署。據媒體報導,目前只剩一小支部隊駐守庫爾德地區(Kurdistan region)。

華盛頓大西洋理事會(Atlantic Council)伊拉克倡議(Iraq Initiative)非常駐高級研究員薩夫萬·阿明(Safwan Al-Amin)說:「這次撤軍是由上一屆伊拉克政府同意的,因為擊敗 ISIS 的任務已經在伊拉克達成目標。」

這次行動也反映伊拉克國內長期存在的政治壓力。

曾於2016年至2019年擔任美國駐伊拉克大使的道格拉斯·西利曼(Douglas Silliman)說,歷屆政府都面對要求結束美軍駐守的壓力,因為很多人認為此舉侵犯伊拉克主權。

西利曼目前是華盛頓阿拉伯海灣國家研究所(Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington)主席。他向 BBC 表示:「幾屆伊拉克政府在親伊朗派系以及什葉派(Shia)社群大部分人士的壓力下,一直施壓⋯⋯確保這些部隊離開伊拉克。」

美軍在時任總統奧巴馬(Barack Obama)任內於2011年撤離伊拉克,但三年後在「伊斯蘭國」佔領伊拉克大片地區、巴格達提出要求後,美軍重返當地。

自那時起,美軍的角色已由作戰行動逐漸轉向訓練、提供建議及分享情報。

然而,分析人士認為,本月撤軍的時機更多是由安全考慮所推動,而不是反「伊斯蘭國」任務正式結束。

英國智庫皇家三軍聯合研究所(RUSI)高級副研究員 H.A. 赫利爾(H.A. Hellyer)說:「這關乎風險,而不是 ISIS;這個理由幾年前已經失效。」

赫利爾指出,伊朗與區內局勢緊張之際,伊拉克北部近期發生針對美國設施的攻擊。他說,華盛頓愈來愈認為,剩餘美軍人員是容易受到攻擊的目標。

阿明也同意這一看法。他指出,美國及伊拉克官員此前曾討論,即使聯軍任務結束仍保留一小支美軍部隊。

他說:「鑑於部隊人數少,而且投射武力的能力有限,伊朗戰爭暴露出他們的存在更像是一項弱點,而不是資產。」

美國在伊拉克留下什麼?

入侵伊拉克超過20年後,外界對美軍在伊拉克留下的影響仍存在明顯分歧。

阿明形容這是一個「喜憂參半」的局面。

他說:「美國入侵沒有達成其目標,政權更替也沒有滿足伊拉克人對一個穩定、繁榮國家的期望。」他認為,這場入侵令地區局勢不穩,並讓伊朗得以擴大影響力。

西利曼同意,這次過渡過程充滿動盪,但他說多年來曾有不少伊拉克人告訴他,他們重視推翻薩達姆後所帶來的政治轉變。

他認為,「代議民主必須治理伊拉克」這一理念已經扎根,即使「要將民主傳統根植於一個過去從未真正擁有民主制度的社會需要時間」。

華盛頓美利堅大學(American University in Washington)全球庫爾德和平倡議(Global Kurdish Initiative for Peace)主任耶烈萬·賽義德(Yerevan Saeed)同樣持正面看法。

「推翻前政權確實是一件大事。」他認為,批評者忽略了這場政權更替所終結的殘酷統治。

儘管貪腐問題持續存在,他認為伊拉克如今比2003年前擁有更多政治自由及多元性,尤其是伊拉克庫爾德地區。

赫利爾則完全不認同以民主來界定美國留下的影響。

他說:「人們應該停止問:『美國有沒有建立民主?』沒有,而這件事已經有定論。」

在他看來,更具影響力的遺產在於地區層面:「推翻薩達姆最終導致伊朗的網絡深入國家體制本身,吸收了華盛頓當初消除的制衡力量。」

然而四名專家均同意,伊拉克距離美國政策制定者在2003年設想的穩定民主國家仍然相距甚遠。

他們表示,貪腐問題普遍存在,而武裝組織仍然與正式國家機構並存並掌握權力。其中尤其包括伊拉克「人民動員力量」(Popular Mobilization Forces, PMF)內的強硬派組織。「人民動員力量」是一個主要由什葉派民兵組成的網絡,巴格達正努力將其完全置於國家控制之下。

下一步會怎樣?

阿明不認為撤軍意味着美國對伊拉克的影響力終結。

他說:「因為伊拉克依賴以美元出售石油,美國仍然擁有很大的影響力。伊拉克仍然依賴美國出售武器,也需要美國的外交支持以應對伊拉克與區內鄰國之間所面對的挑戰。」

賽義德表示,部分影響力來自美國在伊拉克的外交層面。

「巴格達有全球最大的美國大使館,埃爾比勒(Erbil)有全球最大的美國領事館。」他指出,美軍撤離後,這兩個外交設施仍需要持續獲得保護。

西利曼預計,他所形容的「非常深厚的軍事關係」仍會維持,包括繼續為伊拉克軍隊、反恐部隊以及佩什梅格(Peshmerga)提供訓練及規劃支援。佩什梅格是伊拉克半自治庫爾德地區的武裝部隊。

不過,最大的未知數是伊拉克境內獲伊朗支持的民兵組織。

伊拉克總理阿里·扎伊迪(Ali al-Zaidi)最初希望在同一個9月30日的期限前,將這些民兵完全置於國家管轄之下,但據報這些民兵正尋求將期限延長至2027年底。

專家對於即使這個時間表是否現實也存在分歧。

賽義德說:「這不會發生。」他指出,這些民兵已經深深嵌入伊拉克的政治及金融體系,他們在國會擁有席位,並與德黑蘭保持關係。

但西利曼認為,當中可能存在一線希望。他認為,在沒有美軍作為共同針對的對象後,民兵組織可能失去一項重要的政治工具,讓巴格達有更大空間向拒絕服從的民兵施壓。

不過,他警告存在更嚴重的風險:「我曾與多名伊拉克總理交談,包括我擔任大使之前的總理。他們都擔心這可能導致內部衝突,甚至可能在伊拉克爆發內戰。」

賽義德也擔心「伊斯蘭國」死灰復燃,並認為這與2011年美軍撤離後的情況相似。他回憶,美軍離開後,當時由什葉派主導的巴格達政府開始逮捕及清洗遜尼派領袖,將他們排除在政治進程之外。

阿明預計,伊朗「如果可以的話,會進一步鞏固其影響力」,並警告不要將這次撤軍視為必然永久的安排。

「美軍過去也曾在2011年離開伊拉克,但幾年後最終又回到這個國家。」

他說:「這是故事其中一章的結束,而不是最後一章。」

插圖:拉伊斯·侯賽因(Raees Hussain)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 伊朗支持的民兵組織將在未來數年內深化其在伊拉克的政治與經濟控制

    Likely · Within years

  • 伊拉克將面臨來自伊朗支持民兵與中央政府之間的權力衝突風險增加

    Possible · Within years

  • 美國將透過外交援助、武器銷售及軍事訓練繼續對伊拉克施加影響

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 伊拉克政府是否能在2027年前將伊朗支持的民兵完全納入國家控制?
  • ISIS是否會利用真空死灰復燃?
  • 美國是否會因地區緊張局勢重新增加在伊拉克的軍事存在?
  • 伊朗將如何利用其在伊拉克的政治與經濟滲透進一步擴大影響力?

Related Topics

This article was originally published by BBC中文.

Related Stories

Luxembourg volunteers’ eight-year testimony in Chadong Village, Guangxi: From poverty alleviation to rural revitalization
Developing·

Luxembourg volunteers’ eight-year testimony in Chadong Village, Guangxi: From poverty alleviation to rural revitalization

Retired Luxembourgish police officer Hansen Nick René came to Chadong Village, Hechi City, Guangxi Province as a volunteer in 2018 to assist the local area in passion fruit planting, infrastructure construction and industrial development. In the article, he narrated the transformation process of the village from poverty to poverty alleviation, and emphasized that the persistence of "not leaving anyone behind" and the spirit of unity are the keys to the success of poverty alleviation. Chatong Village achieved poverty alleviation in 2020. He received the banner and was given the Chinese name "Xie Wanke" by Xie Wanju, the first secretary of the village party. The article points out that China not only regards poverty alleviation as the end point, but also as the starting point of sustainable development. The comprehensive revitalization of rural areas is a long-term process. The author invites foreign friends to come to China to experience rural life and feel the changing China.

中国新闻网
3 min read
Japan's strengthening of intelligence capabilities raises regional security concerns
Developing·

Japan's strengthening of intelligence capabilities raises regional security concerns

The Japanese government held its first meeting of an expert meeting aimed at strengthening intelligence capabilities and breaking through postwar security constraints. Experts pointed out that by building an internal intelligence system and integrating into the U.S. and Western intelligence networks, Japan is trying to dedicate itself to defense and build a substantive war preparation system. This will undermine regional mutual trust, retrogress the peace system, and may be used to suppress domestic anti-war voices.

中国新闻网
2 min read
The suspect in the suspected terror attack at Fairford Base in the UK called the police, but the police clarified that no explosive device was found
BREAKING·

The suspect in the suspected terror attack at Fairford Base in the UK called the police, but the police clarified that no explosive device was found

The Fairford Air Force Base in the United Kingdom was suspected of being attacked by a terrorist attack on the 27th. The police arrested five British men. One of them had called the police through 999 before the farmer woman reported the incident. A search found no explosive devices, only gasoline. US heavy bombers are stationed at the base, which Iran has threatened to target. The suspect's release on bail raised questions from U.S. officials, but the police stressed that public safety was the top priority in their decision-making.

自由时报
2 min read
Floods in Bangkok, Thailand kill 23 people and some areas are still flooded
Developing·

Floods in Bangkok, Thailand kill 23 people and some areas are still flooded

Heavy rains in Thailand for days have caused floods, with Bangkok being the hardest hit area. The death toll has risen to 23, including 4 in Bangkok. Although the rain has weakened, water still accumulates in some low-lying areas, affecting traffic. More than 5,600 pieces of luggage have accumulated at Suvarnabhumi Airport. The government has approved more than 4 billion baht in aid and is promoting long-term drainage projects.

自由时报
2 min read
Kim Yo-jong, head of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea, warned that South Korea will bear the consequences of its provocative actions
Developing·

Kim Yo-jong, head of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea, warned that South Korea will bear the consequences of its provocative actions

Kim Yo-jong, Minister of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, issued a statement on the 29th, accusing the South Korean military of self-directed and self-staged provocations in the landmine explosions on the southern border, and warned that South Korea must be responsible for the consequences. Previously, the South Korean military confirmed that a suspected landmine explosion occurred in its 25th Army Division near the Military Demarcation Line, injuring three people, two of whom were seriously injured.

中国新闻网
1 min read
Kim Yo Jong warns South Korea will fight back if it fires on North Korean soldiers
Developing·

Kim Yo Jong warns South Korea will fight back if it fires on North Korean soldiers

North Korea said South Korea blamed Pyongyang for the landmine explosions in the demilitarized zone and warned it would retaliate if it opened fire on North Korean troops. South Korea's defense minister determined that the explosion was caused by a landmine laid by North Korea. The two sides accused each other of crossing the military demarcation line, escalating tensions.

自由时报
2 min read
More on this topic美軍撤離