
從反腐制度困境到二十一大權力鋪路,分析中共政治走向
中國共產黨第二十屆五中全會於北京召開,聚焦「全面從嚴治黨」。矢板明夫分析指出,此次會議反映了習近平反腐的制度性困境、為2027年二十一大權力延續鋪路,並與1981年歷史決議的改革方向形成鮮明對比。
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中國共產黨第二十屆五中全會於2024年10月26日在北京開幕。會議主要議題為全面從嚴治黨,並涉及人事整頓與五年規劃。
中國共產黨第二十屆五中全會,10月26日在北京開幕,預計29日閉幕。過去五中全會通常聚焦經濟發展與五年規劃,但這次的主要議題,卻是「全面從嚴治黨」。簡單說,就是繼續反腐、整肅幹部,並加強黨內控制。
這次會議有三個重點值得關注。
第一,習近平反腐十多年,為什麼腐敗案件仍然層出不窮?
習近平自2012年上台以來,反腐運動從未停止。從地方官員到中央高層,從政府到軍隊,一批又一批幹部落馬,其中不少還是習近平掌權後提拔的官員。
反腐當然有必要,但如果持續了十多年,仍不斷出現高層腐敗,就不能不問:問題究竟是出在個別官員,還是整個制度?
在缺乏獨立司法、新聞監督和權力制衡的體制下,反腐很容易變成「由掌權者決定誰該接受調查」。官員最關心的,可能不再是如何依法行政,而是如何揣摩上意、確保政治安全。
第二,2027年中共二十一大,習近平準備繼續掌權。
明年(2027)就是中共二十一大。習近平能否進入第四個總書記任期,是中國政治最重要的觀察焦點。
這次五中全會,很可能是在提前整頓人事、排除政治風險,為明年的權力安排鋪路。
值得注意的是,近年中共軍方高層接連遭到整肅,反映出即使在高度集權的體制下,領導人仍然需要不斷重新確認部屬的忠誠。反腐不只是紀律問題,也可能成為重新分配政治權力的手段。
第三,這次五中全會,與1981年的歷史決議形成鮮明對比。
1981年,中共十一屆六中全會通過歷史決議,否定文化大革命,反思毛澤東時代的政治運動,並為改革開放奠定基礎。
當時的方向,是反對個人崇拜、避免權力過度集中,讓中國從政治鬥爭轉向經濟建設。
45年後,習近平卻走向幾乎相反的道路。強調政治忠誠、中央集中統一領導,以及黨對國家和社會的全面控制。
如果1981年的歷史決議,是一份試圖結束政治運動的「反省書」,那麼2026年的五中全會,可能成為將政治整肅制度化、長期化的宣言。
當一個政權把忠誠看得比能力重要,把紀律看得比制度重要,把權力集中看得比監督制衡重要,最後可能出現一個矛盾結果:領導人的權力越來越大,但安全感卻越來越小。
這或許正是今天中共政治最大的困境。

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