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Back员工申请用加班攒下的206小时调休陪护患癌家人未获批准;有员工一年累计申请10个工作日调休,却因90天有效期仅休1.5天……
员工申请用加班攒下的206小时调休陪护患癌家人未获批准;有员工一年累计申请10个工作日调休,却因90天有效期仅休1.5天……
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中国新闻网yesterdayLabor4 min readChinaView translation

员工申请用加班攒下的206小时调休陪护患癌家人未获批准;有员工一年累计申请10个工作日调休,却因90天有效期仅休1.5天……

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员工因家人患癌申请用加班攒下的206小时调休陪护未获批,后辞职仲裁;另有员工一年申请10天调休因90天有效期和工作繁忙仅休1.5天。企业设置多层审批、要求证明材料、仅审不批、后台修改规定等导致调休被“卡在半路”。专家指出,调休申请程序不明确、权利义务不对等是主要原因,建议通过立法完善调休制度、明确申请条件和审批时限,并建立可查询的调休台账,让调休制度更可预期、可协商、可问责。

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Why It Matters

文章指出,一些企业设置了90天调休有效期、要求提供证明材料、仅审不批,甚至在后台悄悄修改调休规定,导致员工申请调休困难。劳动者因担心影响绩效或晋升不敢申请,企业利用优势地位制定严苛流程,致使调休被“卡在半路”。

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员工申请用加班攒下的206小时调休陪护患癌家人未获批准;有员工一年累计申请10个工作日调休,却因90天有效期仅休1.5天……

加班换来的调休“卡在半路”,怎么破?

阅读提示

为何个别企业的调休申请总是显示“审批中”?对于调休,一些企业设置了90天有效期、要求劳动者提供证明材料或“只审不批”,甚至在后台悄悄修改调休规定。类似的情形,致使调休被“卡在半路”。对此,如何打通调休申请中的“梗阻”?

“公司市场线的员工,除了在月末那一周的周六加班可以申请调休,其余工作日或周六的加班基本都算‘无偿加班’。”在一家科技公司任职的靳先生近日向《工人日报》记者反映,其入职该公司后很少申请调休,“后来和公司签了一个协议,就更没提过了”。

记者注意到,实践中,有劳动者面临“调休难”问题。在湖北省武汉市东湖新技术开发区人民法院近期审理的一起案件中,因家人患癌急需陪护,员工李某向公司申请用此前加班攒下的206小时调休陪护家人,却未获批准。随后,李某辞职照看家人,并申请劳动仲裁。因其与案涉公司均不服仲裁裁决,双方先后诉至法院。

为何一些劳动者对申请调休“望而却步”?在这背后,有企业宣扬“加班文化”,劳动者因担心影响绩效考核或晋升,不敢申请调休;还有企业利用自身优势地位,制定过于严苛、烦琐的调休流程与规定。上述情形致使调休被“卡在半路”,一些劳动者不得不放弃调休。

有劳动者申请调休时遇“卡点”

“我实打实加班换来的调休,为何还要看上级脸色?”“在公司调休需要提供充分理由,家里有事必须说明是什么事,去医院的还需提供诊断证明。如果是单纯想休息,即使申请使用自己加班换来的调休,也是不被允许的。”在一些网络平台上,有劳动者发帖“吐槽”所在企业的调休申请机制。

在一家工程公司工作的季先生表示,其曾在一年内累计申请了约10个工作日的调休额度,却因调休只有90天有效期以及繁忙的工作安排,最终只实际调休了1.5天,其余调休额度则被全部作废。

针对调休申请中的“卡点”,武汉大学法学院教授班小辉在接受《工人日报》记者采访时表示,“比如,一些企业设置多层审批机制却无明确的办理期限、拒绝申请时不说明理由;要求员工提交病历、车票等材料,将调休资格与休假原因混为一谈;限定只能整天调休,在业务繁忙期一律不批;拒批申请后,企业不结算加班费等。”

记者梳理公开案件信息发现,对于调休申请,一些企业“只审不批”的做法,侵害了劳动者合法权益。在北京市第一中级人民法院审理的一起案件中,一位员工按照公司要求提交加班调休申请,公司未批准,事后却以该员工旷工为由解除劳动关系。最终,法院认定案涉公司行为违法,应向员工支付违法解除劳动关系的赔偿金。

为何会出现“加班容易调休难”的现象?班小辉认为,“主要在于具体申请程序仍不够明确,如由谁发起、多久内安排、几日内审批、能否跨年度、离职时如何结算,等等。此外,‘调休’常被与弹性工时、节假日调班和年休假混用,不同工时制度中对调休的处理规则也有差异,需要进一步细化。”

一些企业与员工的权利义务不对等

在武汉市东湖新技术开发区人民法院审理的上述李某一案中,庭审期间,该员工提交了其离职前从案涉公司内网下载的《管理制度》及下载全程录屏,相关制度仅载明加班可换调休、未规定加班费计算标准。

对此,该公司向法院提交了同一名称、同一编号的《管理制度》,但在与李某提交版本相同条款位置多出一句“未调休的,按员工基本工资核算加班费”,以此证明自身主张。

法官对比双方证据后认为,公司作为内部网站管理者,具备随时修改后台数据的权限,该公司未能提交客观证据对两版《管理制度》的差异作出合理解释,应承担举证不能的责任。法院据此采信李某留存的制度版本,按5000余元月工资基数计算加班工资。一审法院据此判决,案涉公司向李某支付休息日加班工资等共计1.6万余元。该公司不服判决结果并提起上诉,二审法院驳回上诉,维持原判。

对此,班小辉分析,劳动者主张加班待遇时,需要初步证明加班由单位安排或认可、具体时长、未补休情况及工资基数。“但是,考勤、审批、调休台账多由企业掌握,员工离职后往往无法访问。即便员工保留了截图,也可能被质疑真实性和完整性。这种权利与义务的不对等,是调休‘卡在半路’的原因之一。”

那么,一些企业就调休设置的烦琐流程与规定,在法律上是否站得住脚?北京盈科(嘉兴)律师事务所律师张峰认为,“设置‘烦琐审批流程’或要求劳动者提交‘调休必要性材料’通常是不合理的,施行‘过期作废’规定在多数情况下也是不合法的。对于劳动者在休息日的加班,企业负有在一定合理期限内安排调休的义务。这是企业的义务而非权利,既然是企业的义务,就不能‘甩锅’给劳动者。”

优化制度让调休“畅通无阻”

班小辉表示,企业可以设置合理的调休程序,但涉及休息休假和劳动报酬的制度,应履行民主协商和公示程序,且不得排除员工的法定权利。“若企业以多层审批、长期搁置或‘到期清零’变相规避责任,相关规定则难以获得法律支持。休息日加班不能安排补休的,应支付加班工资,调休、年休假等也不能被简单地‘自动清零’。"

“优化调休制度的关键,不在于多放几天或少放几天,而是让假期安排更可预期、更可协商、更可问责。”张峰建议,宏观层面应坚持“法定保障托底、弹性安排增效、成本分担清晰”,建立调休影响评估和提前公布机制,明确劳动者加班后在一定周期内享有弹性假期日期安排的主动权,而非被动等待单位安排。

“监管上,依托政务平台和企业用工系统形成调休制度执行留痕,推动劳动监察由事后处罚转向常态化核验、信用约束,就调休假落实情况建立企业信用档案,对长期合规企业评定星级,引导企业把合法合规休假安排做成竞争力。”张峰表示,调休不是简单挪假,而是治理能力的试金石,让劳动者休得安心、企业排产有序、社会运行有度,进而促进多方共赢。

班小辉建议,针对调休,应从立法和企业制度两个层面进行完善。“未来可以通过立法或发布司法解释,进一步明确调休的申请条件、最长安排期限、审批时限、正当拒绝事由及逾期审批后果。企业也应依法制定并公示操作规则,明确加班日期、性质、时数、调休期限及离职结算办法,建立员工可以查询、确认和下载的调休台账,避免相关权益长期‘悬空’。"

本报记者 付子晴

来源:工人日报

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 劳动监察部门将加强对企业调休制度的常态化核验,建立企业信用档案

    Likely · Within months

  • 企业将被要求公示调休操作规则,建立可查询的确认和下载的调休台账

    Very likely · Within months

  • 立法或司法解释将进一步明确调休的申请条件、最长安排期限、审批时限等内容

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 劳动监察部门对企业违规调休制度的处罚力度如何?
  • 是否有立法计划对调休申请程序进行统一规范?
  • 员工在离职时如何有效维护其积累的调休权益?
  • 企业后台修改制度的行为在法律上应如何界定和追责?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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