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Back金沙遗址最新考古成果公布:3000年前金沙先民主食以水稻为主、粟为辅
金沙遗址最新考古成果公布:3000年前金沙先民主食以水稻为主、粟为辅
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中国新闻网2 hours agoScience3 min readChinaView translation

金沙遗址最新考古成果公布:3000年前金沙先民主食以水稻为主、粟为辅

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成都市文物考古研究院公布金沙遗址“黄忠小学”地点植物考古研究成果,通过浮选法分析炭化种子,发现3000年前金沙先民主食以水稻为主(占76.8%)、粟为辅,杂草占比低表明农业是主要经济活动,反映古蜀先民因地制宜的农耕智慧与可持续发展理念。

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Why It Matters

金沙遗址位于成都市西郊,是重要的古蜀文明遗址,以出土大量金器、玉器和象牙而闻名。十二桥文化是商周时期成都平原的主要文化类型。

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金沙遗址最新考古成果公布

3000年前 金沙先民主食是啥?

◎农作物遗存是这批炭化植物种子的主要组成部分,且种类较为丰富,包括水稻、粟、黍等

◎杂草占比偏低,说明农业已是当时社会主要经济活动

◎水稻是这一地区十二桥文化时期的主要农作物,稻谷基盘的发现也一定程度表明,出土的稻谷遗存较大可能来自当地种植

◎粟、黍两种北方旱地谷物中,粟数量明显占优

近日,成都市文物考古研究院公布金沙遗址“黄忠小学”地点出土植物遗存的研究成果。考古人员借助浮选法从泥土中“打捞”出炭化植物种子,揭示了金沙先民以水稻为主、粟为辅的农业体系,也体现了先民对农作物生长习性的深刻认知与因地制宜的农耕智慧。

农作物种子中,水稻数量最多

“黄忠小学”地点南距金沙遗址祭祀区约1100米,处于金沙遗址法定保护范围内。经成都市文物考古研究院发掘确认,“黄忠小学”地点主体为商周时期文化堆积,发现灰坑、灰沟、窑址和墓葬等遗迹262处,出土大量十二桥文化时期的陶器,另有少量铜器、石器和动物骨骼。综合各类遗迹、遗物特征,研究者初步认为这一地点应属于一般居住聚落遗存。

为揭开古蜀时期金沙先民农耕生活面纱,考古团队选取灰坑、陶窑、墓葬等35种遗迹单位进行土样采集,共采集样品50份246.6升开展植物浮选,并在实验室借助显微镜完成炭化种子的分拣、鉴定等工作。

成都市文物考古研究院韩斐博士介绍,浮选结果显示,农作物遗存是这批炭化植物种子的主要组成部分,且种类较为丰富。其中,农作物遗存284粒,约占出土炭化植物种子总数的89.6%,包括水稻、粟、黍等;杂草种子33粒,包括禾本科、藜科、豆科、蔷薇科、莎草科和菊科等,以及少量暂未鉴定出种属的未知杂草种子。杂草占比偏低,说明农业已是当时社会主要经济活动。

在农作物遗存中,水稻的绝对数量最多,共计218粒炭化谷粒,占比达76.8%,说明水稻是金沙先民主要的粮食来源。同时,遗址也出土了粟、黍两种北方旱地谷物,其中粟数量明显占优,共51粒,黍数量少,只有4粒。此外,还发现有粟/黍碎块11粒。

这批植物考古材料浮选结果显示,水稻是这一地区十二桥文化时期的主要农作物。此外,稻谷基盘的发现也一定程度表明,出土的稻谷遗存较大可能来自当地种植。结合金沙遗址另一个一般居住聚落群地点(5号C地点)出土的农作物遗存情况发现,水稻作物和粟类作物同时并存于这一时期。这说明金沙遗址一般居住聚落区在商周时期主要以水稻和粟黍作物组成的多样化农作物种植形式为主,“但水稻占据这一时期农业的主体地位,粟黍作物是辅助种植的农作物种类。”韩斐说。

粟黍之间,金沙先民偏爱粟

成都平原农业环境条件优越,是四川盆地人类活动较早的重要区域。植物大遗存浮选和植硅体研究结果显示,成都平原桂圆桥一期和宝墩文化时期的农作物主要以黍、粟为主。学术界一般认为,成都平原稻作农业主要受长江中游地区影响,而粟作农业则可能受甘青地区马家窑文化影响,经川西北山地沿峡谷地带传入成都平原。粟作农业到达成都平原后,呈现出由山地向平原腹地扩散的趋势。早期还是粟黍占优,之后由于成都平原地貌环境多适宜种植水稻,到宝墩文化时期水稻占比远超粟黍,最终发展出稻作为主、粟作为辅的农业体系。

粟和黍同为北方旱地作物,为何金沙先民更偏爱种植粟呢?

韩斐介绍,粟和黍都是耐逆性较强的旱地作物种类,但如果两相比较,粟比黍的单位面积产量高,且口感较好,也易于储存。虽粟的生长比黍需水量更大,但成都平原水源充沛、气候温暖湿润,完全可以满足粟的生长需求。金沙先民充分掌握两种旱地作物的生长习性,结合本地自然条件,最终优先选择更高产的粟进行种植。少量种植的黍,则作为补充。这种种植模式,体现了人类在这一区域生存环境中的适应性选择。由此形成以稻为主,且粟多黍少的农业体系,具备一定的抵抗风险和适应环境的能力,促进了当时农业社会的可持续发展。

一粒小小的炭化种子,留下三千年前的历史密码。不同于金沙遗址祭祀区出土大量高等级金器、玉器、象牙等文物,“黄忠小学”地点是普通民众的生活聚落,这里的植物遗存,真实还原了古蜀普通人的生产生活图景。古蜀先民既善用成都平原温润的气候发展水稻种植,又理性引入、改良北方旱地作物,因地制宜布局农耕生产。正是这份生存智慧,最终支撑起辉煌灿烂的古蜀文明。

(四川日报 四川日报全媒体记者 吴晓铃)

Open Questions

  • 金沙先民的确切人口规模是多少?
  • 水稻种植的具体技术和工具有哪些?
  • 粟作从北方传入后,是否对当地生态产生影响?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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