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Back德语媒体:难以奏效的“威慑武器”
德语媒体:难以奏效的“威慑武器”
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德国之声2 hours agoOpinion6 min readChinaView translation

德语媒体:难以奏效的“威慑武器”

针对中国日益频繁的经济施压,德法两国建议欧盟强化贸易反制手段,但分析指出原材料依赖可能削弱其威慑力。

Quick Look

德法两国提议欧盟建立强有力的贸易反制工具,以应对中国等国的经济胁迫。该计划旨在通过限制市场准入作为“二次打击”手段,但专家质疑在关键原材料高度依赖中国的背景下,该工具的实际威慑力有限。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

欧盟与中国在贸易平衡及关键原材料供应方面存在长期分歧。德法两国近期推动强化欧盟贸易反制工具,以应对潜在的经济胁迫。

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(德国之声中文网)《南德意志报》评论写道,为防止随时可能爆发的贸易战,德法两国建议欧盟应准备一款强有力的施压工具,以便迅速而有效地应对来自中国等国的经济胁迫。例如,当相关国家发出禁止出口关键原材料的威胁时,欧盟就有权禁止该国部分乃至所有企业进入欧盟统一市场。尽管德法两国并没有直接点名,但矛头所指显然就是中国。这篇题为《欧盟不再客气》 的评论写道:

“为了本国的政治和经济利益,中国及其他一些国家可谓无所不用其极,而德法两国就是在这一背景下提出上述计划的。多年以来,德国一直反对欧盟对中国采取激进措施,因为德国担心汽车等工业产品的对华出口会因此受到影响。但现如今,德国总理府已经越来越意识到,北京正在日益频繁地将其经济实力当作政治施压手段,而为了避免德国的工业基础被进一步掏空,德国必须予以回击。

除此之外,柏林还意识到,中欧贸易冲突中,欧盟的处境远比想象中要好:的确,欧盟的很多原材料都高度依赖从中国进口,因为中国是少数或仅有的出产国。但另一方面,受中国内需疲软和中美贸易战的影响,对许多中国企业来说,欧盟已经成了不可或缺的销售市场。而德国总理默茨和法国总统马克龙就是希望充分利用欧盟的这一有利地位。

一段时间以来,欧盟对华贸易的逆差已经高达每天十亿欧元,而且仍在继续扩大。今天,已经没有任何一个欧盟成员国的对华贸易保持顺差。中国将高额补贴后的过剩产品以倾销价抛向国际市场。‘中国冲击’之下,汽车、机械制造以及化工等德国工业核心无一幸免。”

《南德意志报》的评论指出,在谈论德法联合提议的新工具时,联邦政府官员使用了源自冷战核威慑战略的“二次打击武器”一词,这足以表明国际贸易争执的激烈程度。而这场争执很有可能会在今年秋季迎来摊牌时刻:

“本周,欧盟贸易专员谢夫乔维奇(Maroš Šefčovič)将在北京同中国商务部长王文涛举行会谈。今年六月以来。中欧双方一直在讨论如何消除双边贸易关系中日益严重的失衡问题,但迄今一直未能取得成果。

私下里,欧盟委员会内部一致认为,此次谢夫乔维奇的北京之行也将无功而返。有鉴于此,支持进一步限制对华贸易的欧盟国家将占据多数。一般认为,王文涛不会满足欧盟有关中国自愿减少部分行业对欧出口的愿望。

欧盟筹建新武器的同时,德法两国还希望欧盟现有政策工具也能得到进一步的强化,例如反倾销措施以及为单一国家设立进口上限等等。”

缺乏可信度的“核选项”

《法兰克福汇报》则认为,只要欧盟仍不能摆脱在稀土等关键原材料领域的对华依赖,德法提出的“二次打击武器”就无法产生威慑力量:

”尽管欧盟已拥有反胁迫工具,但迄今启动该工具却困难重重。默茨和马克龙希望改变这一现状,并赋予欧盟委员会自主启动新工具的权限,而成员国要想阻挠该工具的启动,则必须拥有多数。

但德法建议中也明确要求欧盟不要先发制人。在此问题上,马克龙此前曾更为激进。根据新建议,遭到来自中国或美国的经济攻击时,欧盟将有权予以有控制的回击。以北约核战略为样板,欧盟将可以做出灵活应对。先是对市场准入进行部分限制,而全面市场禁入,则是升级链条中的最后一个选项。

德法两国的期望是,这款新型‘二次打击武器’就足以对中国产生足够的威慑,以至于他们不敢让局势进一步升级。同核威慑一样,设立这一武器的初衷也是永远不要启用这个武器。但问题却在于,欧盟这款武器的威慑力实在难以令人信服。因为无论欧盟市场对中国多么重要,中国都能承受得起被欧盟市场排除在外的代价。但中国如果切断欧洲人获取稀土的渠道,欧洲的生产线几天之内都会停止运作。只要欧洲人不改变这一现状,任何对等反制都只是无稽之谈。”

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 欧盟贸易专员谢夫乔维奇与中国商务部长王文涛将在北京举行会谈。

    Very likely · Within days

Open Questions

  • 谢夫乔维奇与王文涛的会谈是否能达成实质性共识?
  • 欧盟成员国是否会一致支持该项反制工具的启动?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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