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Back歐洲國家接連提走北美黃金儲備所為何事
歐洲國家接連提走北美黃金儲備所為何事
NEWS
BBC中文1 hour agoBusiness5 min readChinaView translation

歐洲國家接連提走北美黃金儲備所為何事

荷蘭等國央行近期將黃金儲備從北美轉移至倫敦或國內,旨在應對地緣政治動盪並提升資產管理韌性。

Quick Look

荷蘭中央銀行證實已將數十噸黃金從北美移至倫敦,以應對地緣政治不確定性。此舉反映了全球央行在貿易戰與軍事衝突背景下,對黃金儲備管理策略的調整,旨在提升危機應變能力與資產流動性。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

近年來全球地緣政治動盪加劇,各國央行傾向於增加黃金儲備並優化其存放地點以提升資產韌性。此趨勢自全球金融危機後開始顯現,並在近期貿易戰與軍事衝突背景下加速。

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荷蘭的中央銀行上週證實,已將數十噸黃金從北美移出,並表示此舉將使其「更能為嚴重危機做好準備」。

該行表示,考慮到「日益加劇的地緣政治動盪」,已將存放於美國和加拿大、總量約313噸黃金中的86噸遷往倫敦,讓這些閃閃發亮的資產能夠在「危機情況下隨時可供使用」。

隨之而來的疑問在所難免。荷蘭為何要這樣做?是否預期地平線上將出現某種重大經濟衝擊?

看來並非如此,但這項舉措顯然是回應當前世界所面對的不穩定和不確定局勢。隨著貿易戰與軍事衝突持續,各國正採取預防措施,並將黃金保存在更接近本土的地方。

今年稍早,法國宣布已將其黃金儲備從美國運回國內。與此同時,德國聯邦銀行(Bundesbank)在截至2016年的數年間,將逾216噸黃金從海外儲存地點轉移,包括從紐約運回111噸、從巴黎運回105噸。

這是一項過去曾在全球局勢不穩時期出現過的策略。高盛(Goldman Sachs)研究分析師莉娜·托馬斯(Lina Thomas)和丹·斯特魯伊文(Daan Struyven)表示:「在冷戰期間,一些歐洲中央銀行曾將部分黃金儲備轉移到紐約。」

世界黃金協會(World Gold Council)資深市場策略師約瑟夫·卡瓦托尼(Joseph Cavatoni)向BBC表示,雖然戰爭與貿易緊張局勢「確實影響了一些相關決策」,但這並非動機清單中的「首要原因」。

通脹、利率,以及將黃金存放在能夠迅速交易的地點,也都是考量因素。

卡瓦托尼說:「我不認為有某種迫在眉睫的災難,但我確實認為,人們正更深入了解如何管理儲備資產、增加儲備資產,以及更有效地思考如何善用這些資產。」

荷蘭央行表示,今年3月至8月間從美國和加拿大移出的黃金,目前存放於英倫銀行(Bank of England;英格蘭銀行)的金庫內。

荷蘭央行行長奧拉夫·斯萊彭(Olaf Sleijpen)表示:「我們希望永遠不需要動用這些黃金,但我們確實需要加強自身的韌性及應變準備。」

倫敦具備全球主要交易中心地位,被視為最佳選擇。如果在危機時刻需要迅速買賣黃金,倫敦是首選地點,因此英倫銀行成為廣受歡迎的黃金儲存場所。

身兼英國央行的英倫銀行是全球規模數一數二的黃金託管機構。位於倫敦市中心、擁有300年歷史的這家機構地下,存放著約40萬根金條,總值超過2000億英鎊(2704.6億美元;1.82萬億元人民幣;8.56兆元新台幣)。

根據世界黃金協會的行業調查,英倫銀行仍然是最受歡迎的黃金存放地點,但各國央行正愈來愈多元化其貴金屬的儲存位置。

高盛的托馬斯和斯特魯伊文指出,黃金應該存放在哪裏,已「愈來愈成為各國儲備管理者關注的首要問題」。

在現代世界,有許多方法可轉移黃金儲備。荷蘭在紐約出售了約59噸黃金,然後在倫敦購入更多持倉,因此該部分黃金無需實際跨越大西洋運送。

但超過27噸黃金則從美國和加拿大「實體轉運」至荷蘭澤伊斯特鎮(Zeist)。另有大致相同數量的黃金亦從澤伊斯特運往倫敦。

提供此類服務的公司對具體操作方式守口如瓶,但可以肯定的是,為避免現實版《意大利任務》(The Italian Job)式的搶劫事件發生,相關安全措施和規劃都極為周密。

世界黃金協會的卡瓦托尼表示,轉移黃金儲備的一種標準做法,是在一地出售黃金,再在另一地買入。

他說:「假設我希望黃金存放在紐約,但目前存放於倫敦。我可以在倫敦出售黃金,並同一天、同一時間在紐約買回黃金,實際上只是在帳面上完成轉移,而毋須進行任何物流運輸。」

跨境運送黃金的公司屈指可數,其中之一是布林克全球服務公司(Brink's Global Services)。該公司向BBC表示,近年來已看到包括中央銀行在內的客戶需求增加。

布林克執行副總裁納德爾·安塔爾(Nader Antar)表示:「地緣政治及經濟不確定性加劇,以及黃金作為戰略儲備資產的重要性上升,看來都是推動這股趨勢的因素。」

黃金儲存問題之所以成為各國中央銀行高度關注的議題,是因為它們近年來一直積極增持黃金。不過,高盛的托馬斯和斯特魯伊文指出,把黃金存放在本國境內也需要付出成本。

他們表示:「國內儲存需要投資於實體保安、審計基礎設施及保險,而對規模較小的中央銀行而言,這些成本可能不成比例地高昂。」

根據世界黃金協會數據,過去四年間,各國中央銀行平均每年增持1000噸黃金,顯著高於此前十年每年平均500噸的水平。

這股趨勢可追溯至全球金融危機時期,而且預計未來一年還將持續上升。

近年來,黃金備受市場追捧。其價格一路飆升,今年1月曾突破每盎司5000美元(3.36萬元人民幣;15.82萬元新台幣),創下一連串歷史新高。

黃金價格上升有多項原因,但其中一項主要因素,是這種貴金屬在人類心理中被視為所謂的避險資產,在由貿易戰與軍事衝突引發的金融和地緣政治動盪時期,投資者傾向持有黃金。

通脹與利率也會影響黃金的吸引力。由於供應稀缺,加上數千年來一直被賦予價值,黃金在某種程度上能抵禦物價上升,因此被視為良好的投資選擇。

Open Questions

  • 未來是否會有更多國家跟進將黃金遷出北美?
  • 各國央行對黃金儲備的具體安全審計標準為何?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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