
低成本無人機持續攻擊煉油設備,改變戰爭與能源成本,推升柴油價差擴大,迫使各國軍方轉向低成本攔截方案。
低成本無人機持續攻擊煉油設備,破壞柴油等燃料供應並推升能源價格。歐洲柴油與布蘭特原油價差暴增,凸顯現代戰爭成本不對稱問題,促使美軍與北約大舉投入反無人機防禦。
AI-generated summary
低成本無人機被廣泛應用於現代衝突中,並開始對各國煉油廠等關鍵能源基礎設施造成實質破壞。
無人機正在改變戰爭成本,部分煉油廠遭無人機襲擊,推升能源價格。
一架只需數百至數萬美元的無人機,為何能撼動全球柴油市場,答案就在煉油廠。外媒指出,無人機正在改變戰爭成本,這場變化如今已從戰場蔓延到能源市場,這並不是因為原油突然短缺,而是低成本無人機持續破壞將原油加工成柴油等燃料的煉油設備。關鍵是,這些設備往往幾分鐘就能被炸毀,修復卻需要更長時間。
專家指出,無人機正在改變戰爭成本,被無人機破壞的煉油廠所生產的燃料價格正在大幅上漲。現今,柴油價格一度逼近每桶200美元,而這些成本最終將由卡車司機、農民、航空公司,以及使用燃油供暖的家庭共同承擔。
根據《彭博》數據,約2周前的歐洲柴油與北海布蘭特原油,其價差一度擴大至每桶約94美元,但在正常情況下,這項代表煉油利潤的價差通常只有12至18美元,就連2022年俄烏戰爭爆發、歐洲能源危機最嚴重時也僅約71美元。如今,不但已超越當時高點,自今年3月底也持續維持高檔至今。
文章指出,造成這波異常走勢的原因,並非產油國減產,也不是墨西哥灣煉油設施遭颶風破壞,而是價格低廉的無人機持續攻擊煉油設備。這些設施一旦遭破壞,重建所需時間遠比摧毀它們更久,直接推高柴油等成品油價格。
專家指出,成本差距也凸顯現代戰爭的新難題。小型FPV攻擊無人機成本僅約500美元至數千美元,伊朗設計的「Shahed-136」自殺無人機也只需數萬美元,但若要用400萬美元的飛彈摧毀一架2萬美元無人機,即使命中率很高,這種成本結構也難以長期維持。
美軍因此開始轉向更便宜的攔截方式。美國陸軍本月與AeroVironment簽署4.6億美元合約,採購高能雷射系統LOCUST。該公司表示,LOCUST每次攔截成本不到5美元。從2萬美元對5美元,正是五角大廈希望達到的新成本比例。
無人機威脅也正在擴大。過去兩年,已有十多個北約國家通報無人機或類似設備侵犯領空,美國國防部則與國土安全部、聯邦航空總署合作,建立在國內機場上空擊落無人機的權限。美國國會預算辦公室估算,保護一處軍事設施免受小型無人機威脅,建置成本約7400萬美元,之後每年還需約500萬美元維護與營運。
預算也明顯轉向。美國2027會計年度國防預算中,採購支出由前一年的2050億美元提高至4130億美元,研究開發支出也由1790億美元增至3440億美元。
北約則計畫未來5年投入超過400億美元強化反無人機能力。
不過,這些資金卻沒有完全反映在無人機公司股價上。據悉,由7家無人機及反無人機相關上市公司組成的投資組合,過去12個月下跌約28%,文章裡僅點名AeroVironment與DroneShield這兩家公司;其中,AeroVironment更下跌約40%,但實際上這家公司的積壓訂單已達15億美元、年增37%。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
美國陸軍將推進高能雷射系統LOCUST的部署與應用
Very likely · Within months

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