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Back如果有一天,人类要去月球上盖房子,脚下的月壤能撑得住吗?它和地球上的地基材料有什么不同?更现实的问题是,人类带回的月壤样品极其稀少,科学家如何在不破坏样品的前提下,获取它的力学性质?
如果有一天,人类要去月球上盖房子,脚下的月壤能撑得住吗?它和地球上的地基材料有什么不同?更现实的问题是,人类带回的月壤样品极其稀少,科学家如何在不破坏样品的前提下,获取它的力学性质?
Science
中国新闻网3 hours agoScience3 min readChinaView translation

如果有一天,人类要去月球上盖房子,脚下的月壤能撑得住吗?它和地球上的地基材料有什么不同?更现实的问题是,人类带回的月壤样品极其稀少,科学家如何在不破坏样品的前提下,获取它的力学性质?

Quick Look

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所研究团队利用纳米压痕技术对嫦娥五号月壤、月球陨石和地球岩石样品进行无损力学测试,发现不同矿物的抗变形能力存在显著差异,太空风化过程对矿物力学性质有深刻影响,为未来月球原位资源利用提供关键参数。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

月球表面覆盖着月壤,其力学性质直接关系到未来月球基建的可行性。由于返回的月壤样品极其珍贵,科学家需要采用无损或微损方法来研究其力学性能。

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【科学·近距离】

如果有一天,人类要去月球上盖房子,脚下的月壤能撑得住吗?它和地球上的地基材料有什么不同?更现实的问题是,人类带回的月壤样品极其稀少,科学家如何在不破坏样品的前提下,获取它的力学性质?

近日,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所博士研究生乔斯嘉、研究员李丽慧等采用矿物识别和纳米压痕技术,对极微量的嫦娥五号月壤(CE5-054)、月球陨石(NWA-4734)和地球岩石(CR-1)样品开展了精细无损的力学测试。研究表明,不同矿物的“抗变形能力”存在显著差异,并且太空风化过程会对矿物的力学性质产生深刻影响。

月壤里的“硬汉”和“软骨头”

纳米压痕试验,可以理解为用一个极微小的针尖轻轻压入材料表面(几百纳米级),通过记录“被压下去多少”和“反弹多少”,反推材料的力学性质。这种方法对样品的损耗极小,非常适合研究像月壤这样珍贵的材料。

通过这一试验,科研人员可以获得两个关键指标:弹性模量和硬度。前者反映材料在弹性变形阶段抵抗形变的能力,数值越大,材料越不容易被拉伸或压缩;后者描述材料抵抗压入或磨损的能力,数值越大,材料越硬越耐磨。

实验结果显示,嫦娥五号月壤中不同矿物的弹性模量分布范围较广,不同矿物间的弹性模量差异显著,呈橄榄石>辉石>钛铁矿>尖晶石>斜长石的次序,其中斜长石的弹性模量明显偏低。相比之下,各矿物之间的硬度差异则相对较小,辉石略硬,钛铁矿略软,其余矿物彼此相差不大。

同一种矿物,抗压能力竟也不同

研究团队对比了来自地球和月球的辉石、橄榄石、斜长石等相同种类的岩石后发现,即便矿物种类相同,产地不同,抗压能力也会有所差异。

对比结果表明,地球岩石(CR-1)在弹性模量和压入硬度上整体更出色,既最“刚”也最“硬”;来自月球陨石(NWA-4734)的辉石和橄榄石的弹性模量最小,但斜长石的弹性模量却最高;嫦娥五号月壤(CE5-054)和月球陨石(NWA-4734)中的矿物硬度相当,在误差范围内高度重合。

进一步分析发现,无论矿物来自地球、月球还是陨石,不同来源的矿物在微观变形过程中的响应机制可能遵循某种共性的内在规律,相关机理仍有待进一步深入研究。

风化作用影响矿物表现

为什么同一种矿物,在不同的样品中会表现出不同的弹性模量和硬度?

如果把矿物比作一个人,它的抗压能力不仅取决于自身“基因”——矿物类型及晶体结构,还受“成长经历”——风化过程中留下的微裂/孔隙、晶格错位等结构缺陷的影响。后者往往具有随机性和不均一性,是造成相同矿物力学性质差异的关键原因。

研究分析表明,月球陨石(NWA-4734)经历了高温高压的撞击事件,内部发育了大量微裂纹等结构缺陷,从而削弱了其整体力学性能,而其中的斜长石由于熔点更低且易发生相变,可能在撞击过程中发生局部致密化,反而表现出较高的弹性模量。

嫦娥五号月壤在形成过程中缺少大型高能量撞击事件,太阳风、微陨石撞击熔融或破碎对颗粒的改造多局限于颗粒表层,因此整体结构保持相对完整,力学性质优于月球陨石。

地球岩石(CR-1)几乎未经地球风化作用影响,原始结构保留完好,因此更硬、更不易变形。

上述成果不仅为理解月球等星体表面的风化改造过程提供了微观力学证据,还为未来利用月壤进行数值模拟、开发高保真模拟月壤,甚至实现月球原位资源利用,提供了宝贵的关键参数。

(光明日报 本报记者 崔兴毅 本报通讯员 宋同舟)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未来将基于嫦娥五号月壤的力学性质数据开展月壤模拟材料的研发,用于月球基地建设的数值模拟和工程验证。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 嫦娥五号月壤样品的力学性质在不同深度是否存在差异?
  • 太空风化过程中,哪种微观缺陷对力学性质的影响最大?
  • 如何将实验室测得的纳米尺度力学性质扩展到工程尺度的月壤建模?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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