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Back德国经济展现复苏迹象:增长超出预期
德国经济展现复苏迹象:增长超出预期
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德国之声52 minutes agoBusiness6 min readChina

德国经济展现复苏迹象:增长超出预期

尽管面临结构性挑战与外部压力,德国经济在2026年第二季度实现0.3%的增长,企业信心显著回升。

Quick Look

德国经济在2026年第二季度增长0.3%,超出预期。尽管面临大众汽车裁员及能源价格高企等挑战,但得益于供应链多元化、政府刺激政策及出口订单增加,德国经济展现出韧性。专家提醒,结构性问题依然存在,复苏仍需长期努力。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

德国经济自2022年俄乌冲突爆发后陷入长期低迷。近期受政府刺激政策及供应链调整影响,出现初步复苏迹象。

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(德国之声中文网)经历一段时间的持续低迷后,德国经济正展现出初步的复苏迹象。作为欧洲最大经济体,德国有望实现2022年以来最强劲的GDP增长;在经历长期的不景气后,企业信心也终于再次呈现上升趋势。

德国联邦统计局上周报告称,2026年第二季度德国经济增长0.3%,不仅超出预期,也延续了前两个季度的强劲势头。

其他多家机构也纷纷上调了经济增长预期。伊福经济研究所(Ifo)、基尔世界经济研究所(IfW Kiel)以及莱布尼茨经济研究所(RWI)目前均预计,2026年德国经济将增长1.3%或以上。

与此同时,作为衡量德国企业信心的重要指标,Ifo商业景气指数8月份升至一年来的最高水平。 “这不仅仅是昙花一现,”伊福经济研究所所长克莱门斯·菲斯特(Clemens Fuest)在接受德国之声采访时表示,“这可能是一次复苏。”

荷兰国际集团(ING)全球宏观研究主管卡斯滕·布莱斯基(Carsten Brzeski)向德国之声指出:“增长势头是积极的,德国经济展现出的韧性超出人们的预期。” 不过,他也提醒不要过于乐观,因为德国经济的一些基本问题依然存在。“要真正将这种势头转化为长期复苏,我们还需要做更多工作。”

好消息从何而来?

这些积极数据出现之际,与德国经济相关的负面新闻依然层出不穷。作为德国最具代表性的企业之一,大众汽车目前正经历痛苦的裁员和缩减规模。这反映出,面对来自中国的竞争以及其他全球性不利因素,德国工业界正经历更广泛的结构调整。

今年夏天,莱茵河、多瑙河等德国主要水道的水位创下历史新低,严重干扰贸易和经济活动;与此同时,伊朗战争持续推高能源价格。

然而,德国经济之所以出现回升,部分原因恰恰在于其应对这些挑战的方式,尤其是如何面对伊朗战争导致霍尔木兹海峡关闭的问题。

德国的出口和工业基础推动了GDP增长,新订单连续第三个月增加,带动了2022年初以来最强劲的生产增长。代表德国机械设备制造业的德国机械设备制造联合会(VDMA)报告称,7月份海外订单同比增长2%。

布莱斯基表示,许多德国制造企业,尤其是化工等高耗能行业的企业,从霍尔木兹海峡关闭中受益。由于亚洲供应商对中东石油的依赖更为严重,德国企业增加了订单,并从亚洲同行中夺得了一部分市场份额。 他说:“工业订单出现了一定程度的转向,从亚洲流向欧洲和德国。”

德国联邦经济和气候行动部在8月份的一份声明中也提到了这一因素,称亚洲竞争对手“受到价格上涨和供应瓶颈的影响更为严重”。 声明还指出,近年来的一系列冲击促使德国企业实现供应链多元化。 “近年来,许多企业调整了运输物流,保持了更大的库存,并采用多种运输路线,以增强供应链的韧性。”

德国政府功不可没?

分析人士还认为,尽管德国总理默茨领导的政府在2026年的民调支持率降至历史低点,但其政策对经济扭转确实起到了一定作用。菲斯特指出:“这是由政府需求和债务融资支出驱动的,尤其是在国防领域。”

德国政府的经济计划以5000亿欧元的基础设施投资、大幅增加国防支出以及一项旨在提高竞争力的重大改革方案为核心。联邦政府还出台了一些缓解能源价格压力的措施,以及面向低收入家庭的100亿欧元减税计划。 “企业变得更加乐观,其中很大一部分原因必然是刺激政策,”布莱斯基说,“这些政策正在逐步传导至整个经济。”

结构性问题依然存在

尽管数据向好,但近年来困扰德国经济的诸多问题依然存在。近期的经济回升主要由出口需求驱动,而国内需求几乎没有增长。根据德国联邦统计局的数据,公共和私人消费支出持平,而投资则有所下降。

“尽管大家都为一些好消息感到高兴,但我们需要保持警惕,不要陷入认为‘现在一切都好起来了’的陷阱,”布莱斯基提醒道,并强调削弱德国竞争力的因素依然存在。

“来自中国的竞争依然激烈,”他说,“汽车业以及其他行业长期以来国际竞争力下降的局面并未改变。” 他强调,这些结构性挑战很难在短期内扭转或改变。

德国企业谨慎乐观

不过,积极气氛仍在延续。2026年第三季度的各项指标显示,德国企业领袖对未来抱有显著的乐观情绪;与此同时,德国2026年全年经济增长率有望达到1.2%。这将使其增速高于法国、英国和荷兰等其他欧洲国家。

俄乌战争爆发后,德国经济陷入持续低迷,自2022年以来一直难以走出困境。当其他经济体展现出复苏迹象时,德国经济却依旧处于停滞状态。

一些分析人士认为,近期的积极数据表明,德国经济似乎已经触底,重回增长轨道是大势所趋。 “情况几乎不可能比这更糟糕了,”布莱斯基说,“我们是在低位反弹。必须记住,这并不是‘经济奇迹3.0’。”

他还认为,这种乐观情绪部分源于德国企业界终于接受了一些残酷的事实,即德国在创新、数字化等关键领域已经落后,并开始亡羊补牢、寻求改进。 “他们意识到,自己必须拥抱技术变革、人工智能等,并开始投资,”他说,“他们不再等待柏林出台改革方案,因为这是关乎生存的问题。”

在菲斯特看来,这些数据表明德国的“工业核心”依然完好。他表示,四分之三的德国制造企业仍处于扩张状态,但同时警告,如果没有更大规模的变革,复苏将是短暂的。 “当务之急是允许进行结构性变革,并找到德国企业具备竞争优势的新领域,”他总结道。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 2026年德国经济增长率有望达到1.2%

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 结构性改革能否在长期内提升德国竞争力?
  • 国内需求增长乏力的问题如何解决?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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