
根據Gallup調查,71%的美國人反對在所在地興建AI資料中心,反對程度高於核電廠的53%。民眾主要擔心資料中心耗電耗水、增加能源成本、影響生活品質與環境,部分州已採取暫停或限制措施。
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美國科技巨頭正加速建設AI資料中心以支撐AI發展,但民眾對其環境與生活影響的擔憂正上升。
AI最強國卻不想蓋資料中心?調查顯示,高達71%美國人反對在本地建資料中心,抵制強度甚至超過核電廠。(示意圖,路透)
〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕AI競賽愈打愈激烈,美國科技巨頭也正以前所未見的速度擴建資料中心,但一個意外的阻力正在浮現:一般美國人未必想讓這些象徵AI未來的設施蓋在自己家附近。根據Gallup今年調查顯示,71%的美國人反對在所在地興建AI資料中心,反對程度甚至高於核電廠的53%。值得注意的是;數據顯示,美國民眾對資料中心的觀感在短短半年內明顯惡化。
據報導,Pew Research Center在今年夏季調查發現,60%的美國人對住家附近出現新資料中心感到不舒服,其根本問題並不只是對於AI不信任,而是資料中心開始直接碰觸居民最現實的生活成本,第一是水與電力等資源的消耗,其次是生活品質與成本問題,因討厭AI科技而反對的人反而只是少數。
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報導指出,今年8月,約有54%的美國人認為,資料中心對環境主要帶來負面影響,較1月的39%大幅上升;約有50%認為,資料中心不利家庭能源成本,高於年初的38%;認為會傷害附近居民生活品質的比例,更從30%攀升至49%。認為資料中心在這三方面主要帶來正面效果的比例,僅有4%。
報導指出,這當中最直接的問題,就是電力。美國能源部資料顯示,資料中心2023年已消耗全美約4.4%的電力,到2028年可能升至6.7%至12%。隨著AI伺服器與GPU需求增加,資料中心不只需要龐大電量,也需要24小時穩定供電,地方電網往往必須新增發電、變電與輸電設施,居民因此擔心相關成本最終反映在電價上。
此外,水資源也是另一項爭議。資料中心必須替大量伺服器降溫,不同設計雖然耗水差異很大,但在缺水地區,大型設施對水源的需求仍容易引發地方反彈。加上冷卻設備、備用發電機與全天候運轉可能帶來噪音,資料中心逐漸從原本抽象的「AI基礎建設」,變成居民每天可能直接感受到的鄰避設施。
紐約州今年對大型AI資料中心祭出一年暫停措施,賓州則要求資料中心開發案必須符合能源負擔能力、環境保護、透明度與社區參與等條件,並取得地方批准。Pew調查顯示,資料中心的負面觀感並不限於單一黨派或城鄉地區,都市、郊區與鄉村多數居民都對住家附近新增資料中心感到不安。
更深層的難題在於,美國AI擴張速度正撞上基礎設施建設速度。資料中心可以在相對短時間內規劃與興建,但新的發電設施、輸電線路與併網工程往往需要更長時間,地方政府、電力公司、居民與開發商之間還必須協調誰來支付新增成本。
現今,美國資料中心真正遭遇的阻力,已不只是「能不能把AI晶片做得更快」,而是地方社區願不願意承擔電、水、土地與生活品質的代價。
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