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Back國際政治的利益博弈:美中俄三角關係與台灣議題
國際政治的利益博弈:美中俄三角關係與台灣議題
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自由时报1 hour agoPolitics3 min readChinaView translation

國際政治的利益博弈:美中俄三角關係與台灣議題

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文章分析美中俄三國在烏克蘭戰爭和台灣議題中的利益競爭,指出美國利用中國對台灣的統一願望牽制北京,中國則藉俄羅斯侵烏削弱莫斯科並謀取實質利益,強調國際關係中只有國家利益無上限,意識形態與兄弟情誼皆讓位於現實博弈。

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Why It Matters

文章討論美中俄三國在後冷戰時代的戰略互動,指出美國過去以「聯中制俄」對付蘇聯,如今中國崛起後華府與莫斯科關係微妙變化,三國你拉我防表面友好實則利益博弈。

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◎ 涂醒哲

國際政治有時候很複雜,但把包裝紙撕掉,其實也很簡單:大家嘴巴講理想,心裡盤算的都是利益。

過去冷戰時代,美國為了對付蘇聯,打的是「聯中制俄」;如今中國崛起,美國最大的戰略競爭對手換了人,華府與莫斯科之間的互動,也出現微妙變化。美、中、俄三個大國,你拉我、我防你,表面稱兄道弟,桌子底下卻都在踢對方的小腿。

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尤其值得玩味的是中俄關係。北京嘴巴上說中俄合作「無上限」,但國際政治哪有真正的無上限?只有國家利益才沒有上限。

俄羅斯深陷烏克蘭戰場,這場戰爭原本以為可以速戰速決,結果一打已經4年多,俄羅斯的軍力、經濟與國際影響力都受到嚴重消耗,甚至還要借助北韓的兵力與軍事支援、中國的暗度陳倉。

俄羅斯深陷烏克蘭戰場,軍力、經濟與國際影響力都受到嚴重消耗。圖為6月18日烏克蘭無人機攻擊莫斯科煉油廠。(法新社檔案照)對中國而言,俄羅斯太強大未必是好事,太弱也不是好事;最理想的狀態,就是「你需要我、又不能壓過我」。

當初中國的盤算是力挺俄羅斯打烏克蘭,如果打贏了,可以當成中國染指台灣的模板和參考;如果攻不下烏克蘭,也可以削弱俄羅斯的國力。無論如何,中國都可以藉著利用銷售武器、購買俄羅斯被美國經濟制裁後的低價汽油、能源的方式,獲得實質的利益。

別忘了,共產世界過去真正的老大是蘇聯,中共早年無論思想、組織乃至制度,都深受蘇共影響。但今天中國人口有13億、經濟規模龐大,甚至躋身全球第二大經濟體,早已不甘心當個聽話的小老弟。

於是我們看到一個很有趣的局面:北京一方面高喊中俄友誼,但如果能借外力把俄羅斯打趴,打弱,真正得到戰略好處、利益的人,可能正是中國。

俄羅斯在中共的支持與鼓勵下,攻打烏克蘭,深陷其中,四年多久攻不勝,現在已經後悔莫及。中共可能正在偷笑,名正言順成為共產陣營的大哥。

再回頭看台灣。

北京數十年來不斷強調「祖國統一」,甚至把台灣說成不可分割的一部分;但美國的「一中政策」和北京的「一中原則」,從來說的就不是同一件事。

美國承認中華人民共和國政府是中國唯一合法政府、同意一個中國的原則,卻沒有接受北京對台灣主權主張,也從未認同台灣是中國的一部分;甚至透過《台灣關係法》維持台灣的自我防衛能力,這個提升自我防衛,對抗的誰?大家都心知肚明。

俄羅斯總統普廷(左)與中國國家主席習近平(右)握手,然而北京一方面高喊中俄友誼,但如果能借外力把俄羅斯打趴,打弱,真正得到戰略好處、利益的人,可能正是中國。(歐新社檔案照)這就是美國高明的地方。

台灣議題某種程度就像美國吊在北京面前的一根胡蘿蔔,永遠讓北京當局一直往前跑但卻又吃不到。

你說要統一?美國說,我知道;你說台灣是你的一部分?美國說,我「認知」你的立場。但那不代表我同意。你如果和平跑,我讓你繼續抱著夢想跑;如果你想用政治經濟力量伸手硬搶,那美國態度就完全不同。就像當年拜登被問如果中國侵犯台灣時,明確說美國會出兵保台,因為那是我們跟台灣的承諾。

結果中共幾十年來,把「統一台灣」愈講愈大聲,最後反而把自己綁在這個政治承諾上。講得愈滿,就愈不能退;愈不能退,就愈容易被牽制。其實,美國及世界各國都知道,中共習近平要的不是思想統一,要的是台灣這塊不沉的航空母艦。中共會「留島不留人」,侵略台灣就是要取得出海口,用來擴展海權,稱霸世界,因此美國才是中共真正的敵對國。

更有意思的是,早年的中共對台灣並非從一開始就是今天這套說法。

毛澤東早年接受美國記者史諾訪問時,甚至曾談到台灣脫離日本殖民統治後,支持台灣爭取獨立。歷史就是這麼幽默:今天統一台灣卻被講成「天經地義」的事情,翻開舊帳,往往不是那麼天經地義。

今天的美中俄大國棋局,可以用一句:北京以俄羅斯對烏克蘭的執念(野心)在削弱俄羅斯及牽制美國,美國也在利用北京對台灣的執念(統一)在牽制中國。本來美國希望中國經濟改善,可以乖乖地邁向民主文明社會;沒想到經濟改善後,中共愈跑愈偏,中國人權愈受到壓迫;中共甚至想要用一帶一路,改變世界威脅美國。

中共習近平要的不是思想統一,要的是台灣這塊不沉的航空母艦。圖為台北街景。(彭博檔案照)國際政治裡,只有詭譎多變的局勢,沒有永遠的大哥,也沒有永遠的小弟,更沒有免費的兄弟情誼。俄羅斯掉進烏克蘭戰爭的泥淖,中國則被自己的「統一夢」牢牢綁住。

(作者曾任國策顧問、立法委員、嘉義市長)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美國將繼續利用台灣議題對中國施加壓力,但避免直接軍事衝突除非中國對台採取武力行動

    Likely · Within months

  • 中國將維持對俄羅斯的表面支持,同時在經濟與能源領域從俄羅斯弱勢中獲利,但避免讓俄羅斯過度強大

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 中國是否真的在利用俄羅斯弱勢謀取戰略利益?
  • 美國是否會因台灣議題與中國直接衝突?
  • 俄羅斯在烏克蘭戰爭中的長期削弱是否符合中國預期?

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