Back海牙国际仲裁庭裁定《印度河水条约》仍然有效
海牙国际仲裁庭裁定《印度河水条约》仍然有效
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德国之声1 hour agoWorld2 min readChinaView translation

海牙国际仲裁庭裁定《印度河水条约》仍然有效

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海牙国际仲裁庭于8月31日裁定,1960年《印度河水条约》仍然有效,巴基斯坦欢迎该决定,而印度质疑仲裁庭的合法性并称其对印方主权决定无司法管辖权。专家指出,裁决虽赋予巴基斯坦道德优势,但实际影响有限,因印度目前缺乏大型基础设施以改变西部河流水流,且技术、地理及环境限制使其难以拦截河流。

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Why It Matters

《印度河水条约》于1960年在世界银行斡旋下达成,分配印巴六条河流的使用权:印度获得东部三条河流(拉维河、比阿斯河、萨特莱杰河),巴基斯坦获得西部三条河流(印度河、杰赫勒姆河、奇纳布河),但印度保留在西部河流上建设水电项目的权利。该条约曾经历两次印巴战争及长期对立的考验。2025年4月,印度在印控克什米尔发生血腥袭击导致26人死亡后,宣布暂停执行该条约,并指责巴基斯坦支持袭击。巴基斯坦予以驳斥并向海牙国际仲裁庭提起上诉。

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(德国之声中文网)在世界银行斡旋下,印巴曾在1960年达成《印度河水条约》,对流经两国的六条河流的使用权进行分配管理。大致而言,印度获得东部三条河流——拉维河、比阿斯河、萨特莱杰河的使用权,巴基斯坦则获得西部三条河流——印度河、杰赫勒姆河、奇纳布河的使用权。不过,印度也有权在西部的河流上建设水电项目。

该条约经受住了两大拥核国家之间战争以及长期对立的考验。然而,印控克什米尔地区发生血腥袭击导致26人死亡后,印度宣布一系列外交和经济措施,其中包括:2025年4月,印度宣布暂停执行《印度河水条约》。新德里指责伊斯兰堡对该袭击提供了支持。巴基斯坦则予以驳斥。

巴基斯坦欢迎仲裁决定

数百万巴基斯坦民众依赖印度河、杰赫勒姆河、奇纳布河获得饮用水、灌溉用水以及日常所需。

印度暂停执行该条约后,巴基斯坦向海牙国际仲裁庭提起上诉。

本周一(8月31日),海牙国际仲裁庭裁定,1960年的《印度河水条约》仍然有效。

巴基斯坦表示欢迎,认为印度仍须遵守该条约。但印度外交部则声称,该“所谓的仲裁庭”是“非法组成的”。印度外交部表示:“该仲裁庭对于印度的主权决定而言没有任何司法管辖权。”

专家:印度质疑争议解决机制本身

伦敦国王学院高级研究员、巴基斯坦政治学者西蒂卡(Ayesha Siddiqa)向DW表示,如果印度拒绝接受,那么仲裁决定可能很难落实,“因为仲裁庭并没有强制执行力”。

但她表示,裁决的确赋予了巴基斯坦道德上的优势。

多年来,印巴对于如何诠释该条约,特别是印度在西部三条河流上修建水电项目的问题上,一直存在分歧。

新德里Manohar Parrikar国防研究所高级研究员辛哈(Uttam Kumar Sinha)表示,如今,印度不单对条约的诠释提出异议,而且“对条约的争议解决机制本身”也提出异议。

实际影响有限?

实际的影响也取决于,印度对于西部河流上基础设施采取的具体举措。

智库Mantraya创立者德苏萨(Shanthie Mariet D'Souza)表示:“要有效阻止或显著改变印度河、杰赫勒姆河、奇纳布河的水流,需要有大型基础设施如水坝、运河或大型蓄水系统,这样的基础设施目前是不存在的。”此外,地理和技术上的限制也制约了印度拦截这些河流的能力。

辛哈也持类似观点。“印度无法简单地‘拦住’西部的河流。”

大型蓄水及分流项目耗时数年乃至数十年,需要大量的投资,并要在喜马拉雅山区进行困难的施工,同时还要符合环境要求,并获得国内的批准。

更多阅读:印度和巴基斯坦能否解决印度河水资源争端?

印巴同意停火 特朗普称美斡旋成功

断水、驱逐:克什米尔恐袭后印巴关系急剧恶化

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 印度将继续质疑国际仲裁机制的合法性,但短期内不太可能单方面改变西部河流的水流分配

    Likely · Within months

  • 巴基斯坦将利用此次仲裁裁决在国际舆论和外交场合争取道德和政治支持

    Very likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 印度是否会在未来采取实际行动阻断或改变西部河流的水流?
  • 海牙国际仲裁庭的裁决在缺乏强制执行力的情况下,能否得到印度的实际遵守?
  • 印巴是否会就水电项目的建设与运营达成新的技术或行政协议?
  • 国际社会是否会介入以推动条约的有效执行?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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