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Back中国首条江海连通运河平陆运河将通航 专属“交规”9月15日起施行
中国首条江海连通运河平陆运河将通航 专属“交规”9月15日起施行
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中国新闻网27 minutes agoTransport13 min readChinaView translation

中国首条江海连通运河平陆运河将通航 专属“交规”9月15日起施行

平陆运河按内河Ⅰ级航道标准建设,可通航5000吨级船舶,《平陆运河通航安全管理规定》将填补制度空白。

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中国西部陆海新通道骨干工程平陆运河将于9月16日建成通航。中国海事局发布的《平陆运河通航安全管理规定》将于9月15日起正式施行,填补了内河与海上规则衔接的制度空白。

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Why It Matters

平陆运河按内河Ⅰ级航道标准建设,是新中国成立以来首条国家层面统筹建设的通江达海运河。

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中新网南宁9月10日电(记者 黄艳梅)中国西部陆海新通道骨干工程平陆运河将于9月16日建成通航。通航前一天,这条134.2公里的黄金水道将正式拥有自己的专属“交规”。

由中国海事局发布的《平陆运河通航安全管理规定》(下称《规定》)将于9月15日起正式施行。9月10日,广西壮族自治区人民政府新闻办公室举行“重要政策文件解读”专题新闻发布会,对《规定》进行解读。

平陆运河按内河Ⅰ级航道标准建设,可通航5000吨级船舶,是新中国成立以来首条国家层面统筹建设的通江达海运河。《规定》以多项制度创新,为这条全新水道建立了专属通航规则。

为一条运河专门立规

为何要为一条运河单独制定规定?广西海事局副局长、新闻发言人王日斌介绍,平陆运河“内河+海域”的双重属性,在现有法规体系中找不到完全匹配的管理依据——管辖权归属、法规适用、事故责任认定等过去没有明确答案。内河船舶与海船在同一条水域交汇运行,亟须一套统一、清晰的航行规则。

王日斌称,平陆运河的特殊性在于“通江达海”——内河船能不能下海、海船能不能进江,需要在这里明确;内河讲“上行船沿缓流或航道一侧行驶,下行船沿主流或航道中间行驶”、海上讲“各自靠右航行”,两套规则如何衔接,没有统一说法。《规定》专门针对平陆运河的通航环境、风险特征和运输需求作出精细化制度安排,是在一般法框架之外建立的一套完整专属通航规则。

《规定》的颁布,填补了制度空白,让管理有据可依、航行有章可循。

破解内河与海上避让规则衔接难题

内河航行与海上航行各有通行规则,且两套规则逻辑迥异。如何让内河船舶与海船在同一条运河里“各行其道、互不干扰”,是《规定》要解决的关键技术问题之一。

据悉,内河通行的基本原则是“逆流让顺流”——上行船避让下行船,因下行船顺水推舟、操纵难度更大。海上通行的基本原则是“各自靠右航行”——两船对遇时各自向右转向、左舷会船。两套规则单独使用均无问题,但放在平陆运河这个内河与海域交接的通道中,规则“打架”的风险显著增加。

《规定》通过三层制度设计化解这一矛盾。第一,以G75兰海高速钦江大桥为界明确法律适用边界,北侧内河水域适用内河法规、南侧海域适用海上法规。第二,以“相当A级”航区为转换通道,符合标准的内河船舶可合法进入海域,海船进江须满足主尺度要求。第三,在运河全域统一实行分道通航制——设置上下行通航分道,所有船舶靠右航行、左舷会船;同时,青年枢纽上游(库区)明确上行船避让下行船,下游(感潮河段)逆流船避让顺流船,将两套避让逻辑融合为一套规则。

王日斌表示,三层设计环环相扣,让内河和海上两套法规体系在同一条运河里“装得下、行得通”。进了平陆运河,无论内河船还是海船,都按同一套规则航行,判断一致、碰撞风险降低,这正是《规定》最核心的立法考量之一。

设置2米富裕净空高度

平陆运河沿线跨河桥梁密集,全线27座跨河桥梁每天承载大量车辆与行人通行,船撞桥风险是运河通航的重大安全隐患。《规定》为此设置了明确的技术防线。

据广西海事局通航管理处处长蒋宇介绍,船舶通过桥梁时,水面以上最大高度与桥梁通航净空高度之间,必须保留2米以上的富裕净空高度。这一数值是依据《海轮航道通航标准》中“在通航海轮的内河水域或有掩护的海域,取2米”的要求,结合平陆运河实际通航条件确定。

为什么需要这2米?船舶水面以上高度并非固定不变——水位随潮汐和流量涨落,船舶航行中因波浪上下起伏,不同载重也会导致吃水变化。如果没有足够富裕空间,水位突涨或船舶颠簸便可能触碰桥梁底部。2米富裕净空高度,正是为这些突发情况预留的“头顶安全区”。

同时,《规定》要求船舶开航前须自查水面以上最大高度,确认满足过桥条件方可进入运河;须通过甚高频13频道向海事部门报告动态,确保每艘船过桥均在可控范围内。

以数据划定恶劣天气禁航红线

平陆运河地处中国华南沿海,台风、暴雨、大雾等恶劣天气频发。运河部分河段处于河海交界区,风浪条件远比纯内河水域复杂。为保障船舶航行安全,《规定》以科学论证的数据划出清晰红线。

据蒋宇介绍,禁航标准具体为:浪高大于2米、流速大于2米/秒、风力达到7级以上、能见度小于1000米。满足其中之一,海事管理机构即可采取禁航措施,禁止内河船舶在相当A级航区内航行、作业。

此外,遇水位异常、青年枢纽下泄流量超过每秒800立方米、航道阻塞等8类情形时,海事部门还可采取限制航行、单向通航、禁航等交通管制措施。

《规定》以数据化的硬指标给船员最明确的安全指令。蒋宇表示,“到了这条线就必须停”,船员心里有底,知道什么情况绝对不能走,就不会冒险。这就是制度的刚性与温度:刚性在标准明确,温度在保护生命。

设置“夜间静音区”

《规定》明确,青年枢纽至G75兰海高速钦江大桥水域,每日22时至次日6时禁止船舶鸣放声号,紧急避险情况除外。这一“夜间静音区”设置在同类内河交通管理中并不多见。

据王日斌介绍,平陆运河沿线分布有居民生活区,船闸附近及港口周边均有常住人口。船舶进出船闸、通过桥梁时需鸣放声号,这是《内河避碰规则》规定的航行安全措施。白天鸣笛尚可接受,但夜间频繁鸣笛对两岸居民的睡眠和生活造成严重干扰。为此,《规定》在充分论证后作出平衡:划定夜间禁鸣时段,同时规定遇紧急避险等特殊情况除外——安全永远排在第一位。

夜间禁鸣后如何保障航行安全?《规定》要求船舶夜间航行时加强瞭望,充分利用雷达、船舶自动识别系统、探照灯等设备观察周边环境。白天转弯前鸣放一长声,夜间则使用探照灯向上空照射以引起他船注意。通过技术手段的充分运用,在保障航行安全的同时,尽可能减少对沿线居民的干扰。

王日斌表示,这一条款反映了《规定》的立法理念,不仅考虑航运效率与通航安全,也充分兼顾对沿线民众生活的保护。运河是国家战略性工程,也是沿岸民众的家园,“两头都得顾上”。

“世纪工程”向旅游客船开放

平陆运河沿线风景优美,三座枢纽船闸本身就是宏伟的人工景观,两岸还有丰富的自然和人文资源。游客乘船从西江进入平陆运河,经过马道、企石、青年三座枢纽,一路向南直达北部湾,沿途可见证“河海交汇”的壮丽景象,是非常独特的旅游体验。

平陆运河不仅是货运大通道,也是一条极具潜力的旅游观光线路。记者从新闻发布会上获悉,平陆运河通航后,旅游客船可以进入运河,且目前船闸通过能力充裕,过闸总体顺畅。

王日斌表示,平陆运河不仅承担着中国西南地区货物出海的使命,也为公众提供了一条领略“世纪工程”风采的水上观光线路。“运河修好了,就是要让大家用的,不管是运货还是旅游,我们都欢迎大家来。”(完)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 平陆运河将于9月16日建成通航

    Very likely · Within days

  • 《平陆运河通航安全管理规定》将于9月15日起正式施行

    Very likely · Within days

Open Questions

  • 实际通航后的具体货运量将达到多少?
  • 旅游客船的具体开航时间安排是什么?

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