Back印度洋蔥「政治敏感」得要坐上鐵路快車
印度洋蔥「政治敏感」得要坐上鐵路快車
Politics
BBC中文40 minutes agoPolitics6 min readChina

印度洋蔥「政治敏感」得要坐上鐵路快車

印度政府為抑制洋蔥價格飆升,動用國家儲備並啟動「洋蔥快車」專列,將洋蔥運往全國主要城市,此舉凸顯了洋蔥在印度政治與經濟中的特殊地位。

Quick Look

印度政府啟動「洋蔥快車」將儲備洋蔥運往全國11個城市,以平抑飆升的價格。作為印度廚房的必需品,洋蔥價格波動不僅影響家庭預算,更常引發政治動盪,成為政府政策干預的敏感焦點。

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Why It Matters

洋蔥是印度飲食中的基礎食材,其價格波動歷史上曾多次引發社會抗議並影響選舉結果。政府常透過緩衝庫存和出口限制來干預市場。

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在亞洲的洋蔥之都,數十名工人彎下腰來手工分揀洋蔥,並把裝滿洋蔥的防水帆布袋搬上小型貨車後方。

他們加緊工作;一列特別包租的貨運列車正在等待,準備將這座氣味濃烈的「洋蔥山」從印度西部的拉薩爾岡(Lasalgaon)運往首都,在那裏,這種廚房必備食材的價格已飆升多時。

政府希望透過動用國家儲備,並向至少11個主要城市運送洋蔥,來抑制成本急升。

當涉及這種至關重要的葱屬蔬菜時,政府往往會迅速介入。洋蔥貿易的價格波動曾驅使民眾走上街頭,影響鄰里關係,甚至左右選舉結果。

「洋蔥是一種在政治上非常敏感的作物。」位於印度洋蔥主產區馬哈拉施特拉邦(Maharashtra)的糧食政策研究員米林德·穆魯格卡爾(Milind Murugkar)這樣形容。

「沒有其他蔬菜的價格會像洋蔥價格那樣引發情緒反應。」

政府於2024年推出首列「洋蔥快車」(Kanda Express;Kanda在馬拉地語等印度語言中即洋蔥)。這項計劃在翌年大幅擴展,而今年20萬噸的目標緩衝庫存投放量,較2025年將增加逾一倍。

此舉正值政治敏感時刻。以青年為主導的示威者在嘲諷總理納倫德拉·莫迪(Narendra Modi)幾個月後,迫使他作出了罕見讓步。同時,伊朗戰爭造成的航運中斷,以及愈發反覆無常的季風季節,也推高了食品和燃料價格,侵蝕家庭預算。

穆魯格卡爾說:「目前政府確實被逼到牆角,因此不希望再有任何事情成為反對黨手中的武器。」

尤其是那不可或缺的洋蔥。

印度是全球最大的洋蔥生產國和消費國之一。

無論是炒進咖喱、炸成小食、切丁作配料還是生吃,洋蔥都是從基本餐食到高級料理不可或缺的基礎食材。與許多其他蔬菜不同的是,它們還能存放數月。

較不易腐壞並不一定意味著價格更可預測。歉收、豐收、雨水過多或過少、囤積居奇,以及節慶活動,都可能令變幻莫測的市場價格大幅波動。

然而無論價格如何,這種不起眼的球莖蔬菜始終是廚房常備食材。

穆魯格卡爾說:「如果不吃洋蔥,沒有人會死。」同時指出價格波動鮮少削弱需求。

根據消費者事務部(Department of Consumer Affairs)價格監測系統的數據,今年2月印度洋蔥的平均價格為每公斤26盧比(0.27美元;1.9元人民幣;8.7元新台幣)。

到8月時,售價接近每公斤49盧比,漲幅高達88%。

在德里一個批發市場,購物者告訴BBC印地語(BBC News Hindi),她們正在減少購買量,但並未完全停買。

一名不願透露姓名的顧客說:「價格已經高得離譜,我們只買一兩個洋蔥就回家。」

政府則堅稱不存在洋蔥短缺。

根據農業部第二次預估數據,今年洋蔥產量預計約為3070萬噸,與去年大致相若。這一產量遠超國內消費需求。

但總體產量未必能反映任何特定時刻的市場供應情況。

今年3月至5月期間的首輪洋蔥收成有部分受到過量降雨破壞,減少了下一輪收成到來前可供應市場的數量。

印度國際經濟關係研究委員會(Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations)研究員哈什·瓦爾丹(Harsh Wardhan)說:「即使全年總產量保持穩定,當庫存偏低或下一批作物到貨延遲時,市場仍可能面臨暫時短缺。」

這種價格波動劇烈的貿易,凸顯了全球第六大經濟體許多脆弱之處,從依賴受氣候影響的農業,到許多人勉強維生的生活狀態。

瓦爾丹說:「洋蔥比較特殊,因為它同時連結三個政治敏感議題:消費者、農民和食品通脹。」

「當價格上升時,由於洋蔥是日常烹飪必需品,消費者會立即感受到影響;當價格急跌時,農民則會受苦,因為洋蔥是大規模種植的作物。」

這種「洋蔥經濟學」已證明是政客們頭痛的問題。

1980年,前總理英迪拉·甘地(Indira Gandhi)把飛漲的洋蔥價格塑造成前政府經濟失敗的象徵,並藉此重返執政。

2010年洋蔥價格在一週內翻倍後,執政聯盟禁止出口,並開始從鄰國巴基斯坦進口洋蔥。

其後歷屆政府在洋蔥價格波動時也經常出手干預,最近一次便是推出「洋蔥快車」。

在小鎮拉薩爾岡,中央政府維持約12.1萬噸洋蔥緩衝庫存。

根據拉薩爾岡車站站長普里蒂什·杜貝(Pritish Dubey)的說法,8月26日當天,政府透過「洋蔥快車」運送了450至500噸洋蔥。

除了運往德里的貨物外,消費者事務部表示,另外10個城市也正在接收洋蔥供應。

這些洋蔥將透過政府支持的商店,以每公斤35盧比的補貼價格出售。

消費者或許歡迎這項紓困措施,但部分洋蔥農民卻極為憤怒。

來自拉薩爾岡的農民希瓦·蘇拉塞(Shiva Surase)對BBC馬拉地語(BBC News Marathi)說:「靠壓垮農民來討好消費者毫無意義。」

他說,農民多年來一直承受低價之苦,並擔心這批補貼洋蔥將充斥市場,迫使他們以虧損價格出售剩餘的冬季作物庫存。

主要洋蔥生產邦的播種工作已經延誤。

瓦爾丹說:「這使未來數月供應收緊的風險增加。」

Open Questions

  • 補貼政策是否會長期抑制農民生產意願?
  • 未來季風季節的不確定性將如何影響下一輪收成?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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