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Back中国科学家揭示云南蝙蝠洞遗址丹尼索瓦人演化与生存策略
中国科学家揭示云南蝙蝠洞遗址丹尼索瓦人演化与生存策略
Science
中国新闻网13 hours agoScience6 min readChinaView translation

中国科学家揭示云南蝙蝠洞遗址丹尼索瓦人演化与生存策略

研究首次系统揭示中国南方丹尼索瓦人体质形态、技术行为与生存策略,填补了该地区考古记录空白

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中国科学院青藏高原研究所团队通过对云南鹤庆蝙蝠洞遗址的多学科研究,首次揭示了中国南方丹尼索瓦人的体质形态、技术行为与生存策略,证实其在青藏高原东南缘具有长期稳定的生存模式,研究成果发表于《自然》杂志。

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Why It Matters

丹尼索瓦人是东亚龙人支系的重要成员,此前受限于化石稀少,对其体质特征与生存策略了解有限。蝙蝠洞遗址位于青藏高原东南缘,提供了距今约19万年至7万年的考古记录。

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中新网北京9月9日电 (记者 孙自法)中国科学院青藏高原研究所陈发虎院士领衔的古生态与人类适应团队联合中外合作者,最近通过对云南鹤庆蝙蝠洞遗址开展多学科综合研究,首次系统揭示中国南方丹尼索瓦人(丹人)的体质形态、技术行为与生存策略,重建出这一神秘人群在青藏高原东南缘的生存全景图,包括石器技术保持长期稳定、生存适应高度务实等。

此次云南蝙蝠洞遗址的重要发现研究,不仅填补了中国西南地区丹尼索瓦人化石和考古记录的长期空白,更将丹尼索瓦人在东亚南部的活动历史从遗传学线索转化为内涵丰富的考古实证,为东亚丹尼索瓦人技术行为和生存模式的研究提供了关键信息。

这项国际多学科交叉研究的重要成果,由中国科学院青藏高原研究所联合云南省文物考古研究所、中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所、南京师范大学、北京大学、中国科学技术大学以及澳大利亚、法国、西班牙、意大利、丹麦等科研人员合作完成,相关论文北京时间9月9日夜间在国际学术期刊《自然》(Nature)上线发表。

研究团队介绍,作为东亚龙人支系的重要成员,丹尼索瓦人的发现深刻改写了关于东亚古人类演化的认知框架。然而,与遗传学证据的快速积累相比,受限于人类化石与考古遗存稀少,对这一古老人群的体质特征、技术行为及生存策略仍知之甚少,成为考古学和古人类学亟待突破的空白领域。

蝙蝠洞遗址位于青藏高原东南缘的云南鹤庆盆地,海拔2370米。该遗址于2019年发掘,共揭露厚达6.6米的地层堆积,其中文化层厚度约2.3米,包含10个层位,年代跨度为距今约19万年至7万年。出土人类化石的第9层和第7层距今约16.7万年至13.4万年,孢粉分析显示,古人类生活在以针叶林为主的森林或森林-草原环境中。

遗址共出土7件古人类化石(4颗牙齿、2件顶骨碎片、1段桡骨近端),古蛋白质组学分析鉴定3件骨骼和2颗牙齿化石属于丹尼索瓦人。其中,牙齿形态兼具原始性状与晚期人属的衍生特征,与甘肃夏河白石崖溶洞标本既有相似又存在差异,暗示丹尼索瓦人内部可能存在随时间和地理分布而产生的形态多样性——蝙蝠洞丹尼索瓦人或为龙人支系中有别于白石崖溶洞人群的一个新区域类型。

蝙蝠洞遗址出土1300余件石制品及大量动物遗存。经系统分析,其石器技术在长序列地层记录中保持长期稳定,整体以权宜性剥片和加工技术为主,辅以少量具有组织性的向心剥片技术,表现出兼具权宜性和组织性的灵活技术行为,以及高度务实的适应生存策略。

除石制品之外,动物考古研究还辨识出类型多样的骨制品如修理器、骨楔、权宜性工具等,其技术与类型组合与旧石器时代中期尼安德特人(尼人)骨器工业相似,反映出骨制品加工是该阶段古人类行为体系的重要组成部分,对东亚地区同时期考古遗存的研究具有重要指示意义。

该遗址动物遗存以鹿科和牛科为主,其死亡年龄结构以壮年个体居多,表明古人类对中大型有蹄类优质动物资源的针对性专业狩猎行为。动物骨骼表面广泛分布切割、敲击等痕迹,指示遗址内丰富的骨骼堆积主要源于古人类狩猎、屠宰与消费活动。

研究团队综合以上考古证据指出,以蝙蝠洞丹尼索瓦人为代表的中国南方古人类通过专业化狩猎与高强度动物资源利用,已形成有效适应当地资源环境的稳定生存模式。

他们认为蝙蝠洞遗址首次在东亚南部地区建立了丹尼索瓦人与考古遗存之间的直接关联,将此前孤立的化石记录转化为具有技术、行为和生态等多维信息的生存图景。

蝙蝠洞遗址跨越10余万年的超长文化序列表明,丹尼索瓦人在青藏高原东南缘经历了长期的演化与适应过程,且生存方式在冰期至间冰期气候波动下保持稳定。该遗址与地处青藏高原东北部的夏河白石崖溶洞遗址交相辉映,共同为理解东亚地区龙人支系不同区域人群的技术文化面貌与环境适应策略提供了珍贵材料。

研究团队表示,从更广阔的地理视角来看,蝙蝠洞遗址位于西伯利亚、青藏高原与东南亚、大洋洲遗传线索之间的关键地带,成为连接东亚北部与南部丹尼索瓦人记录的重要节点。本项研究的重大发现,也为理解现代东南亚和大洋洲人群中相对高比例的丹尼索瓦人遗传贡献提供了重要的考古学依据。

Open Questions

  • 蝙蝠洞丹尼索瓦人与白石崖人群的详细基因差异为何?
  • 该人群最终消失的具体原因是什么?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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