Breaking
INTLIran-US tensions escalate with mutual strikes and exclusion zone threatsTRAmazon Cargo Plane Crash in Miami-Dade: 5 Deaths, 5 InjuredDEAfD wins state election in Saxony-Anhalt ahead of CDU, Musk congratulates and receives offerDEFC Augsburg lead the Bundesliga for the first time – coach Baum emphasizes staying on the groundKRPeter Pan Dad Jeon Gyeong-cheol Dies at 64 After Cancer BattleCNIndonesia's Krakatoa volcano erupts, shutting down eight airports, stranding about 170,000 passengersAUBathla Group stands down 213 workers as administrators seek emergency fundingRUCanadian scientists have refuted US claims about the Moon's ownershipJPGartner positions physical AI and agent AI at the peak of 'excessive expectations' in 2026 Hype CycleESThe global extreme right: a farce of power and national caricatureINTLIran-US tensions escalate with mutual strikes and exclusion zone threatsTRAmazon Cargo Plane Crash in Miami-Dade: 5 Deaths, 5 InjuredDEAfD wins state election in Saxony-Anhalt ahead of CDU, Musk congratulates and receives offerDEFC Augsburg lead the Bundesliga for the first time – coach Baum emphasizes staying on the groundKRPeter Pan Dad Jeon Gyeong-cheol Dies at 64 After Cancer BattleCNIndonesia's Krakatoa volcano erupts, shutting down eight airports, stranding about 170,000 passengersAUBathla Group stands down 213 workers as administrators seek emergency fundingRUCanadian scientists have refuted US claims about the Moon's ownershipJPGartner positions physical AI and agent AI at the peak of 'excessive expectations' in 2026 Hype CycleESThe global extreme right: a farce of power and national caricature
Back浪潮通过美国子公司Aivres规避出口管制,向东南亚输送价值56亿美元先进技术
浪潮通过美国子公司Aivres规避出口管制,向东南亚输送价值56亿美元先进技术
Developing
纽约时报中文网1 hour agoTech3 min readChinaView translation

浪潮通过美国子公司Aivres规避出口管制,向东南亚输送价值56亿美元先进技术

Quick Look

美国将浪潮列入实体清单后,其硅谷子公司Aivres利用法律漏洞,在2024年4月至2026年2月期间向东南亚输送价值56亿美元的先进技术,包括搭载英伟达Blackwell芯片的计算机,这些技术最终流向服务于阿里巴巴和字节跳动等中国企业的数据中心,引发美国官员调查。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美国于2023年将浪潮列入实体清单,禁止其购买美国技术。浪潮随后将硅谷办公室更名为Aivres,继续通过子公司运营。美国法律限制黑名单企业通过第三方购买受限产品,但对远程访问东南亚数据中心的限制较少,成为规避路径。

Font size

在硅谷众多不起眼的办公楼中,有一栋门外多年来一直挂着“Inspur”(浪潮)的招牌——这是中国最重要的科技企业之一的名字。

但在2023年3月,美国将浪潮集团列入所谓实体清单。这是一份包含3000多家企业的黑名单,被列入其中的企业被认为存在安全风险,因此在与美国开展业务方面受到限制。

没过多久,浪潮的招牌就被换成了Aivres——浪潮新成立的美国子公司的名称。这家子公司继续开展中国母公司的业务,帮助其建立一个蓬勃发展的全球网络,为中国不断壮大的人工智能产业提供所需的算力。

这家硅谷子公司似乎利用了美国出口法律中的多个漏洞,在浪潮规避美国限制方面发挥了关键作用。四名官员透露,联邦官员已经开始调查这家子公司的业务,但因无权公开讨论此事而要求匿名。这四人表示,目前尚不清楚调查进展到了哪一步。

《纽约时报》查阅了数千份出货记录、公司文件和供应合同,逐步还原了浪潮网络的运作方式。记者还走访了中国、东南亚和加利福尼亚的多个地点,并采访了十多位现任和前任官员、科技高管及行业分析师。

美国政府禁止将最先进的芯片——例如硅谷巨头英伟达生产的Blackwell芯片——运往中国的任何企业。美国法律还规定,世界上任何地方的企业都不得代表被列入黑名单的企业购买采用美国技术制造的受限产品。但对于中国企业从远程访问位于东南亚的数据中心这一行为则几乎没有限制。

中国企业是否正在获得尖端技术,尤其是英伟达生产的高端计算芯片,已经成为硅谷和华盛顿的一个热门问题。企业高管和政府官员担心,中国可能将人工智能用于黑客攻击、监控和军事行动。

中国的人工智能公司也正在缩小与美国竞争对手在系统性能上的差距,这引发了人们对中国公司正在使用美国技术的担忧。

根据数据公司ImportGenius与《纽约时报》对贸易记录的分析,从2024年4月至2026年2月,Aivres至少将价值56亿美元的先进技术从美国出口至东南亚,其中包括价值超过30亿美元、搭载英伟达最先进Blackwell芯片以及相关设备的计算机。

贸易记录显示,这些技术被运往东南亚的数据中心和科技企业,而这些企业为中国最大的科技公司提供服务,其中包括阿里巴巴和字节跳动。Megaspeed也属于这些接收方之一。美国官员一直在调查这家与中国有关联的企业,怀疑它曾将受限制的芯片走私进入中国。(根据马来西亚的商业文件,Megaspeed的一家子公司与阿里巴巴存在财务关联。)

根据主要来自马来西亚和印度尼西亚的贸易记录,还有一些技术则从浪潮的全球子公司网络流向马来西亚一家电子产品制造商,该制造商一直在向中国运送无标注品牌但价格昂贵的服务器。这些服务器被送往一家名为Maginfra的新公司,根据中国的合同和政府采购记录,Maginfra一直向中国的大学和国有企业供应高性能计算机。

浪潮、Aivres、Maginfra、阿里巴巴和字节跳动均未回应置评请求。Megaspeed也没有发表评论。英伟达发言人约翰·里佐表示,该公司不支持“产品被转用”,并称英伟达向知名合作伙伴销售产品,而这些合作伙伴“与我们合作,以确保所有销售都符合美国出口管制规定”。

特朗普政府撤销了拜登时代对中国企业远程访问他国数据中心的相关限制,政府和国会一直在酝酿制定新的规则来取代这些限制。英伟达的里佐表示,该业务“为美国带回了数百亿美元和高薪工作岗位”。

在去年扩大实体清单的尝试招致中国反击后,本届政府在制裁中国企业方面也采取了更为审慎的态度。在负责执行该清单的商务部内部,六名现任和前任官员形容,如今该部门已经对涉及中国或英伟达的案件失去了兴趣。截至目前,已经有10个月没有任何一家企业被列入实体清单,这是18年来最长的一段空窗期。

一位白宫官员表示,特朗普政府已实施现代史上最严格的出口管制制度,并致力于维护美国国家安全。

但科技研究公司SemiAnalysis研究过Aivres业务的分析师乔丹·纳诺斯表示,该公司在美国运营时使用的服务器、员工和办公室与其母公司浪潮完全相同,而联邦官员似乎对此举措甚少。

“他们到底是想禁止这家公司,还是不想?”他说。

不同的国家,同样的手法

大多数美国人从未听说过浪潮,但这家公司是全球最大的计算机服务器制造商之一,并且一次次避开了制裁。

当美国于2023年将浪潮列入黑名单后,它在美国换了个新名字。在中国,浪潮则换了个新地址。

美国用来阻断与被制裁公司贸易的实体清单适用于政府指定的具体公司名称和地址。在被列入清单仅数天后,浪潮将其主要业务注册到了不远处的另一栋楼。

四个月前,一位《纽约时报》记者前往中国东部城市济南的那个地址。那是一栋不起眼的建筑,除了一楼的一家银行外没有任何标识。一名保安确认浪潮在那里有办公室,但说里面工作人员不多。他说浪潮真正的总部在同一条街的工业园区里。

那个园区十分繁忙。在一大片由玫瑰树篱和成排摩托车环绕的围墙内,矗立着一些深灰色高楼。大门内,一块红色标牌闪烁着中国领导人习近平的关键口号:“中国梦”。

由山东省政府控股的浪潮最初是一家国有电子厂。它研发出了世界上第一台能显示汉字的传呼机。十多年前,中国军方和国家开始转向浪潮的服务器,以减少对外国公司的依赖。

这让浪潮成为美国的目标。2020年,特朗普政府将其列入中国军工企业名单。2023年,拜登政府称浪潮集团寻求利用美国技术制造军用超级计算机,并将其列入实体清单。这意味着美国企业未经特别许可不得再向其发货。

一个漏洞很快出现。英特尔等公司一直在向浪潮的子公司(而非母公司)销售产品,而该命令并未覆盖子公司。

两年后,第二届特朗普政府堵住了部分漏洞,将浪潮的一些子公司列入黑名单。但Aivres不在其中。

一个引人注目的联系

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美国商务部将在未来数月内对Aivres实施制裁或列入实体清单

    Likely · Within months

  • 英伟达将加强对其分销合作伙伴的终端用户审查,以防止产品被用于规避出口管制

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 调查是否会导致对Aivres或浪潮的制裁升级?
  • 英伟达是否会因其产品被用于规避制裁而面临法律后果?
  • 东南亚国家是否会加强对技术转口的监管?
  • 拜登或特朗普政府是否会修订规则以封堵该漏洞?

Related Topics

This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

Related Stories

How broad is the future of brain-computer interface? (In-depth observation·The "new" force in future industries)
Developing·

How broad is the future of brain-computer interface? (In-depth observation·The "new" force in future industries)

Brain-computer interface technology is developing rapidly in China. Three technical paths, non-invasive, semi-invasive and invasive, are being explored in parallel. It has been applied in rehabilitation medicine, psychiatric medicine and other fields, benefiting thousands of patients. A number of clinical trials are underway, including "Beinao-1" and the country's first over-100-channel invasive brain-computer interface system. Experts believe that in the next 5 to 10 years, brain-computer interfaces are expected to achieve functional replacement, neurological rehabilitation, speech function reconstruction, etc., and will show broad application prospects in aerospace, education and entertainment, transportation and other fields. Industrial development requires the coordinated efforts of government, industry, academia, research and medicine to strengthen technological research, establish standard policies, and accelerate talent training and basic research.

中国新闻网
3 min read
Brain-computer interface has broad prospects: three technical paths are explored in parallel to accelerate the move from laboratory to clinic
Developing·

Brain-computer interface has broad prospects: three technical paths are explored in parallel to accelerate the move from laboratory to clinic

Brain-computer interface technology has made important progress in China. Three technical paths, non-invasive, semi-invasive and invasive, are being advanced in parallel. It has been applied in fields such as rehabilitation medicine, benefiting thousands of patients. It is expected to expand to aerospace, education and entertainment and other fields in the future, but technical bottlenecks and ethical issues still need to be solved.

中国新闻网
4 min read
LINE users are wary of "Help to vote" scams: the risk of account theft has escalated
Developing·

LINE users are wary of "Help to vote" scams: the risk of account theft has escalated

Many recent LINE account theft incidents are due to "help to vote" scams, especially voting in painting competitions. The fraud group uses fake websites to defraud SMS verification codes to steal accounts. LINE officials have issued warnings and provided protection suggestions, including not entering verification codes, completing account binding and enabling suspicious website detection functions.

自由时报
2 min read
For the first time, my country has achieved two-way high-speed laser communication between the Earth and the Moon.
Developing·

For the first time, my country has achieved two-way high-speed laser communication between the Earth and the Moon.

my country has made a breakthrough in the Earth-Moon laser communication test mission. It established a two-way laser link over a distance of about 400,000 kilometers from the Earth and the Moon, achieving the first two-way high-speed laser communication between the Earth and the Moon. The uplink rate reached 1.25Mbps and the downlink rate reached 100Mbps, providing a new means for manned lunar landing and deep space exploration.

中国新闻网
3 min read
Cases of illegal drone fines increase and the Civil Aviation Administration calls for compliance with flight bans and restrictions
Developing·

Cases of illegal drone fines increase and the Civil Aviation Administration calls for compliance with flight bans and restrictions

The use of drones has become popular in recent years. According to the Civil Aviation Administration of China, from last year to the first half of this year, 72 drone violations were fined, with a fine of 16 million yuan. Airports, reservoirs and science parks are the hotspots for fines, with more than 80% concentrated in these three areas. Internet celebrity Zhong Mingxuan was fined NT$330,000 for illegally operating an aerial drone in Nanwan, Kenting, and breaking into the restricted flight area of ​​the No. 3 nuclear power plant without affixing a registration number. The restricted area around the Peach Blossom Aircraft Airport once suspended takeoffs and landings on the runway for ten minutes due to drone signals, affecting nine flights. Experts pointed out that drones mistakenly entering prohibited and restricted zones may cause air crashes, industrial safety risks and public safety problems, but emphasized that the establishment of prohibited and restricted zones is necessary and does not suppress the development of drones. The public can check information on prohibited and restricted flights through the Ministry of Transportation’s DRONE MAP APP or the Civil Aviation Administration’s system.

自由时报
2 min read
More on this topic浪潮