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Back美国研发新型太阳能电池板,或挑战中国垄断地位
美国研发新型太阳能电池板,或挑战中国垄断地位
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纽约时报中文网3 hours agoEnergy2 min readChinaView translation

美国研发新型太阳能电池板,或挑战中国垄断地位

Quick Look

美国太阳能制造商联盟表示叠层太阳能电池是下一个前沿领域,承认中国也在研发但认为其技术不更好甚至可能落后。然而,新技术面临高成本、电力公司接受度低及美国政治障碍等挑战,而中国仍凭借低价控制约80%的全球太阳能板市场。Qcells等公司通过极端天气测试求证产品寿命,但叠层电池价格可能是传统硅电池的3至3.5倍,专家称若能率先成熟,美国等国有望重夺全球市场份额。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美国太阳能制造业曾被中国低价设备冲击,拜登和特朗普政府均通过关税补贴等政策试图重振国内制造。叠层太阳能电池被视为下一代技术,但需解决成本、耐用性及市场准入问题。

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“这是下一个前沿领域,”美国太阳能制造商联盟执行主任迈克·卡尔说。他承认中国企业也在研发叠层太阳能,但表示中国的技术“不比我们的更好,甚至可能落后于我们”。

但新的叠层太阳能板及其制造商将面临许多挑战。电力生产商将不愿购买过于昂贵的新设备,除非制造商能让他们相信,叠层太阳能电池的性能衰减速度不会比传统太阳能电池更快。

美国政治可能是另一个障碍。国会共和党人和特朗普政府一方面试图增加化石燃料和核电站的使用,另一方面让新的太阳能发电场难以获得联邦许可。

此外还有中国,它通过供应太阳能板及其组件控制着约80%的太阳能板市场。

中国以远低于美国、德国和日本公司的价格提供设备,重创了美国太阳能板制造业;此前,美国、德国和日本曾主导该行业直至2010年左右。

拜登和特朗普政府都试图通过关税、补贴和其他政策重振美国太阳能制造业。部分得益于此,近年来美国各地纷纷建起了新工厂。韩国企业韩华在2012年收购了德国太阳能制造商 Qcells,已在佐治亚州的生产线上投入数十亿美元,包括亚特兰大以北的卡特斯维尔。

能源专家表示,若能在中国之前完善叠层电池技术,美国、德国及其他国家将有望重新夺回全球太阳能产业的巨大份额。

Qcells一直在其德国实验室以及美国、澳大利亚、塞浦路斯和韩国的实地测试其叠层太阳能电池板,以证明它们已经准备就绪。除其他测试外,该公司一直用 LED 光照射太阳能电池板,以观察其表现。它还向太阳能电池板发射冰丸——有些大约弹珠大小,另一些与高尔夫球一样大或略大——以检验其应对极端天气的能力。

这些测试旨在让能源公司、投资者和贷款方放心:无论安装在酷热的沙漠中,还是在常受暴雨侵袭的田野里,这些新的太阳能电池板都能使用20至30年。

电力行业“在接受新技术方面相当保守”,Qcells叠层研发负责人法比安·费尔蒂希说。他常驻德国莱比锡。“我们一直专注于稳定性。我们必须让银行相信,这项新技术能够兑现承诺。”

科学家早在几十年前就开发出了早期叠层太阳能电池板,但要确保它们能够承受从高温、高湿到猛烈冰雹等各种恶劣条件,仍花费了相当长的时间。

“围绕它们实际能用多久存在各种各样的问题,”RMI(一家专注于可持续发展的研究机构,前身为落基山研究所)负责人切坦·克里希纳说。“是否存在我们尚不知道的衰减问题?”

克里希纳和其他专家表示,他们认为叠层太阳能电池板已非常接近投入实际应用。

但这项技术仍然昂贵。根据一些估计,这些太阳能电池板的价格可能是传统设备的三到3.5倍,而传统设备通常由单层硅制成。

根据太阳能产业协会的一份报告,为太阳能发电场购买和安装传统太阳能电池板的成本约为每瓦93美分到1.06美元。

大型公用事业和电力公司AES的首席执行官安德烈斯·格卢斯基表示,价格对叠层太阳能电池板的成功至关重要,因为中国制造商以极低价格销售太阳能电池板。他说,中国“可能足以满足全球两倍的需求”。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 若美国等国率先实现叠层太阳能电池技术成熟,将有望重夺全球太阳能产业重要份额。

    Possible · Within years

  • Qcells等公司将继续通过极端气候测试(如冰雹、高温)来证明叠层太阳能板的20至30年寿命。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 美国制造商何时能将叠层太阳能电池成本降至与传统设备竞争水平?
  • 电力公司及贷款方何时会大规模接受叠层技术?
  • 美国政策对太阳能制造业的支持力度是否足以抵御中国价格优势?

Related Topics

This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

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