
文章指出BMI指数存在局限性,无法准确反映身体成分,可能误导健美者和内脏脂肪超标者。介绍BRI指数(身体圆度指数)作为替代方案,其通过身高和腰围计算,能更好评估内脏脂肪堆积及相关健康风险,尤其对中老年男性预测慢病更准确。文中还提供了BRI的测量方法、参考范围及局限性,强调健康生活方式才是核心。
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BMI指数是目前最常用的体重评估标准,但其仅依赖身高和体重,未考虑身体成分差异,导致肌肉较多者被误判为肥胖,内脏脂肪超标者被漏诊。
一个人胖不胖,看“圆度指数”,比BMI更靠谱
关注身体健康的人一般都听说过BMI指数,很多人会拿BMI指数测一测现在的体重是否超标。殊不知,这个BMI指数并不太准,可能会误导你多吃出好多体脂来。今天我们就分享另一个指数,参考这个,可能能让你的身体更健康!
经典的BMI指数可能并不好使
BMI 指数(body mass index)即身体质量指数,就是我们常说的体重指数,它通过体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方计算得出,由于其易于理解且方便操作,成为现在最常用的评估当下的自己体重是否正常的指标,也是大样本筛查人群肥胖的重要指标。
BMI 指数分级标准
然而,由于其依赖身高和体重这两个数值,没有考虑到被测人员身体成分不同对其产生的影响,从而导致BMI结果与事实不符,也就是说,BMI指数相同的两个人,很可能健康状态差异巨大。
比如,对于健美爱好者来说,他们的体脂率很低,肌肉含量很高,但是肌肉的重量是大于脂肪的重量的,这就会导致这些健美爱好者的BMI指数偏高,很容易就达到超重甚至肥胖的程度,这就和BMI指数的初衷相违背了。
另外还有一类人会被BMI指数定义为体重正常甚至还偏低,他们远看瘦瘦的,侧面看瘦长的躯干上却挂着明显的大肚腩,一测体成分内脏脂肪超标,这类人就是“瘦瘦的高脂人群”,是BMI指数测不出的漏网之鱼。
BMI指数还有一个局限性就是性别和年龄会对其造成很明显的影响,所以在国民体质监测的过程中,为了更加准确的描述该年龄段体重健康状况,BMI指数的划分标准会根据性别和年龄而波动。
更能描述肥胖的指数:BRI 指数
既然 BMI 指数不靠谱,那有没有其他既准确又好算的指标呢?还真有一个,那就是最近流行的BRI指数。
BRI(body roundness index)指数被称为身体圆度指数,用于评估身体内脏脂肪含量是否超标,该指标根据身高和腰围计算得出,其数值越高,说明内脏脂肪堆积越明显,肥胖、代谢综合征等疾病的发病率可能越高。
BRI指数的计算公式
通过这个指标,可以把那些“瘦瘦的胖子”筛选出来,及时给予健康管理干预。相对于 BMI指数,BRI指数最大的区别就在于没有考虑体重,而是直接测量腰围,有效屏蔽了那些大肌肉健美者,还能及时捕捉内脏脂肪超标者。尤其是对于老年人,BRI指数可以更准确地评估其健康状况。
内脏脂肪超标可是当代久坐人群的一大痛,内脏脂肪超标会导致冠心病、2型糖尿病、代谢性疾病等慢病的患病风险增加。内脏脂肪超标者又称为中心型肥胖,其特点是看似“正常”,实际脂肪分布在腹腔内脏的一种肥胖状态,表现为整体看似“正常”,而腰围增加。
按照我国人群标准,男性腰围≥90cm,女性≥85cm即可诊断为中心型肥胖;或者利用 CT或MRI等设备精准测量内脏脂肪面积,若≥80cm²可诊断为中心性肥胖。所以说,到底胖不胖,还是量量腰围,算个 BRI 指数更靠谱。
怎么自测BRI指数?
既然腰围数据这么重要,那么腰围的测量也要尽可能准确。腰围标准测量方法如下:
1.被测量者应穿着轻便的衣物,采取垂直站立姿势,双足自然分开25至30cm,体重均匀分配到两腿,保持平稳呼吸,避免吸气时测量。
2.使用一根没有弹性、最小刻度为1mm的软尺,在髂嵴最高点和第 12 肋下缘连线的中点,沿水平方向围绕腹部一周,保持软尺各部分处于水平位置,紧贴而不压迫皮肤进行测量。
3.测量时,被测者应保持腹部放松,不要收腹。
4.测量值应精确到1mm。
目前对于 BRI 的正常值范围尚未有完全统一的标准,研究普遍认为,BRI在4.5~5.5 左右的人群相对较为健康,死亡风险相对较低。
BRI小于3.4的人群,可能存在营养不良、肌肉萎缩或缺少活动等情况,全因死亡率可能增加25%。而BRI在6.9及以上的人群,全因死亡率可能增加49%,提示内脏脂肪堆积较为明显,患心血管疾病、2型糖尿病等疾病的风险也更高。
BRI的局限性
需要注意的是,BRI也存在一定的局限性。作为较新的身体评估指标,BRI与 BMI相比,其相关研究量少,且还处于不断积累阶段。目前对于BRI在不同人群、不同疾病状态下的具体变化规律和预测价值还缺乏足够多的长期研究数据支持。
另外,其测量相对比较复杂,测量位置稍有不同,测量结果就会出现比较大的偏差,而且不利于重复测量,因此容易出现误差。
除此之外,机体差异也会对数值结果的评估产生影响,比如较高的肌肉量可能导致体重和腰围数值较高,从而使BRI值被高估,错误地提示健康风险。
比如,对于一些腰围较大的健身人群,BRI指数还是会偏高(比如大级别举重运动员等),但这并不意味着他们存在更高的慢病风险。
还有很多女性胖在屁股和大腿而腰不粗,俗称“梨形身材”,这些部位脂肪堆积也会造成相关代谢性慢病风险,同样不容忽视。所以,越来越多的研究发现,相对于女性,中老年男性使用 BRI 指数预测慢病准确率更高。
其实,无论是用BMI指数,还是BRI指数,都不要因为具体的某个数值而感到焦虑,选择积极健康的生活方式,通过主动运动和合理膳食控制体脂才是最核心的要义。
策划制作
作者丨杨一卓 首都体育学院体医融合创新中心讲师
赵倩 康复医学门诊专家康复师
审核丨唐芹 中华医学会科学普及部主任 研究员 国家健康科普专家
策划丨何通
责编丨何雨濛
(“科普中国”微信公众号)

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