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Back孩子身体不适可能是心理压力的躯体化表现,医生建议家长接纳情绪而非质疑装病
孩子身体不适可能是心理压力的躯体化表现,医生建议家长接纳情绪而非质疑装病
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中国新闻网1 hour agoHealth3 min readChinaView translation

孩子身体不适可能是心理压力的躯体化表现,医生建议家长接纳情绪而非质疑装病

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北京儿童医院精神科主治医师李红娜指出,孩子出现头晕、腹痛等无器质性病因的不适,可能是焦虑、压力等情绪通过躯体化表现,尤其在开学季、考试前或家庭紧张时多见,建议家长通过接纳、情绪命名和共同解决问题来帮助孩子缓解症状。

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Why It Matters

文章介绍了儿童躯体化症状的表现形式和成因,指出心理压力无法通过语言表达时可能转化为身体不适,尤其在学业、社交和家庭压力叠加时更易发生。

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中新网北京9月30日电(记者 赵方园)有些孩子经常出现各种说不清的不舒服:头晕、肚子疼、浑身难受,甚至没办法正常上学、考试。可带去医院抽血、拍片、做各种检查,结果都正常,医生也没发现明显器质性问题。不少家长难免会想:孩子是不是偷懒、故意装病?

北京儿童医院精神科主治医师李红娜在接受中新健康采访时指出,这可能是躯体化症状的表现。身心发育尚未成熟的孩子,往往缺乏准确识别和表达内心复杂情绪的能力。当学业压力、人际困扰、对未来的担忧等负面情绪积压到一定程度,无法通过语言有效宣泄时,身体便以症状的形式表现出来。

心理压力,为何会变成身体难受?

李红娜介绍,躯体化,简单来说就是焦虑、悲伤、紧张等心理情绪没能通过语言表达,转而以躯体不适的形式呈现。

开学前后,作息节奏改变、学业压力回归、校园人际关系重新适应,都容易诱发躯体化症状。孩子常见表现有反复腹痛、头痛、胸闷、心慌、恶心等,但多次内科检查,往往查不出对应的器质性疾病。

这一现象和人体自带的 “战斗或逃跑反应” 密切相关。当孩子内心压力大、持续紧张时,交感神经被激活,身体会误判正身处危险之中,进而减少胃肠道供血、肌肉持续紧绷,引发腹痛、恶心等一系列不适。

相比成年人,孩子更容易 “用身体说话”,主要有两方面原因: 一是生理发育特点。大脑前额叶要到 25 岁左右才能完全发育成熟,孩子情绪表达能力有限。低龄儿童甚至分不清 “心里难受” 和 “身体难受”,无法理解焦虑、压抑这类抽象感受,只能感知到肚子疼、头晕这类实实在在的躯体痛苦,也很难描述内心恐惧、无助的感受。 二是家庭情绪引导缺失。部分家长只关注作业、成绩,忽视孩子的内心感受,很少引导孩子表达情绪。久而久之,孩子慢慢失去倾诉感受、表达情绪的能力。

哪些场景容易触发孩子躯体化?

李红娜将容易触发孩子躯体化症状的情况归纳为三大类:学习压力、社交压力和家庭压力。

学习压力:开学返校阶段、大型考试、竞赛备考,或是家长长期抱有较高期待,孩子一直担心达不到预期;

社交压力:遭到同学孤立、同伴冲突、校园霸凌、畏惧老师,或是存在分离焦虑;

家庭压力:父母争吵、离异、亲子冲突等。

还有一类容易被家长忽略的隐性高危群体:平日里懂事听话的 “好孩子”。这类孩子习惯压抑内心不满,不愿主动倾诉负面情绪,发生躯体化的风险更高。

值得注意的是,有些孩子确实先有器质性问题,比如肠胃炎,然后情绪因素又叠加进来。“这种情况在临床上很常见,属于共病现象,也是儿童消化科常见的会诊场景。”李红娜解释,如,孩子先得了急性胃肠炎,病愈后腹痛仍反复发作,尤其在压力大时加重;检查可能发现肠道有轻微炎症,但不足以解释如此严重的疼痛,此时就需要去精神心理科筛查有无情绪问题。治疗方向是双向干预、身心同治:内科处理躯体疾病,精神心理科评估并干预压力、焦虑等情绪问题。

如何识别和应对?

李红娜给家长提出几点建议:

首先,接纳孩子的感受,杜绝指责。不要反复质问孩子 “你是不是装的”,先认可痛苦的真实性,可以告诉孩子:“我知道你的身体确实很不舒服。”

其次,预留专属沟通时间。每天留出约10分钟,和孩子聊聊校园里开心、有趣的小事,帮助孩子逐步适应校园生活。

第三,平稳调整作息饮食。三餐尽量规律,坚持早睡早起,循序渐进调整作息,适应上学节奏。

第四,教孩子简单的放松方法。比如呼吸练习:吸气想象闻花香,呼气想象吹蜡烛,短短几分钟就能帮助身体放松。

同时,沟通方式尤为关键。很多家长习惯说:“别想那么多,专心学习就行。” 这句话看似安慰,实则否定了孩子的感受。在孩子听来,等于 “我的痛苦不被理解”,反而加重焦虑与孤独。情绪长期无法被倾听、表达,就会继续通过身体不适表现,躯体化症状随之加重。

李红娜推荐“接纳 — 情绪命名 — 一起想办法”的沟通思路。

接纳:可以说“看到你这么难受,妈妈或爸爸心里也不好受”;

情绪命名:可以说“你现在是觉得紧张、委屈、害怕,对吗”;

一起想办法:可以说“我们一起想想,有什么办法能让你感觉好一点”。

李红娜提醒家长,当孩子诉说身体不适时,不要急于贴上 “装病” 的标签。孩子的难受,其实是传递紧张情绪的信号。只有接纳情绪,读懂信号,躯体上的不适才会慢慢缓解消退。(完)

Open Questions

  • 躯体化症状在不同 возраст段儿童中的发生率差异如何?
  • 学校在识别和干预儿童躯体化方面目前采取了哪些措施?
  • 长期躯体化未得到干预对儿童身心发展的长期影响是什么?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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