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Back灾难报道中的个体生命:从中尼边境泥石流看新闻审查
灾难报道中的个体生命:从中尼边境泥石流看新闻审查
NEWS
德国之声8/29/2026Media11 min readChinaView translation

灾难报道中的个体生命:从中尼边境泥石流看新闻审查

慈善广告与新闻报道面临同样的“伦理困境”:个体生命的遭遇更能激发同情心,而冷冰冰的数字和政治符号审查则抹杀了逝者与幸存者的尊严。

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文章探讨灾难报道中聚焦个体生命与使用冷冰冰数字的区别,对比尼泊尔媒体对中尼边境洪水受灾者的多元报道与中国官媒对灾情及救援的数字简化与舆论审查。

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Why It Matters

中尼边境近期发生泥石流灾害,尼泊尔媒体深入灾区采访幸存者,而中国媒体和网络平台则对灾情报道进行了信息控制与审查。

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慈善广告中有一个“伦理困境”:同样的媒体版面,用来讲一个人的不幸遭遇,比说一万个人正在等着您的援助,更能激发人们的同情心,募集到更多的捐赠。

人类道德感知的结构决定了,我们对个体生命的共情能力,远远大于一堆数字,哪怕它实际上也很重要。

同样的道理,在新闻相对自由的国家,灾难发生之后,记者不仅仅关注领导的英明决策和救援官兵的辛苦付出,还会探访幸存者和逝者家属,让他们讲出自己的经历和哀伤,讲出逝者生前的故事,这样读者才能感同身受,缅怀逝去的生命,帮助幸存者度过难关。

这正是尼泊尔各家媒体正在做的事情。无论是主流媒体《加德满都邮报》(The Kathmandu Post),还是数字媒体 OnlineKhabar,记者们都纷纷前往医院、学校和村庄,记录了各种普通人的遭遇,其中有正吃着早餐被洪水冲走的孩子,有为了救儿子趟入水中再也没有回来的父亲,有跑遍停尸房寻找哥哥遗体的妹妹……

据英国《卫报》报道,在尼泊尔,记者争相尽可能靠近灾区,采访幸存者和救援人员。村民逐分逐秒地讲述洪水冲毁家园时所见所感。

为什么要讲述个体生命的故事?

讲述个体生命的故事,不只是为了激发读者的同情心。应该说,它首先在于对每个生命的尊重,承认其不可替代性。逝者不是同质的单位,而是意味着一整套关系、记忆、未竟之志业一并消失。

因此,个体故事比冷冰的数字更能提醒人们珍惜生命,总结教训,追究责任。逝者的姓名、年龄、住址、死亡的具体地点和时刻,是灾难事件最基本的档案。除此之外,还应该有更多生命的印痕。

《纽约时报》在 9·11 后的 《悲痛肖像》(Portraits of Grief) 系列为两千多名遇难者各写一则短传,不仅仅罗列履历,编辑嗨要求记者抓住一个能够体现这个人的爱好、性格、习惯或生活细节的瞬间。

没有逝者名单,就没有追究责任的基础。名单模糊,责任也随之模糊。四年前发生的“东航空难”就是一个例子。

反之亦然。如果政府想要淡化生命价值,减少问责可能,甚至“丧事喜办”——借助救援让媒体为自己歌功颂德——那么它就会阻止记者和受灾者接触,让他们只成为冰冷的数字,把镜头留给领导和领导指挥的救援者。

而且受审查者控制和引导,中国舆论场上无数人将报道逝者和幸存者个体生命故事的报道污名化,称为“吃人血馒头”——尽管这个比喻的原创者鲁迅批评的正是他们这种对他人苦难极端冷漠、对抗争的意义不甚了了、只会跟着众人起哄的麻木看客。

《卫报》报道继续写道:“在中国,官方媒体播出了多档有关洪灾的节目,也派出了自己的记者前往当地,但报道聚焦于救援行动,而非破坏的规模。在一段从西藏某处安置点发回的报道中,记者没有同坐在他身后的任何一个人交谈。”

其实,在中国官媒的报道中,普通的救援者也只是数字和背景板。《卫报》记者发现,“中国已派出数百名应急人员,但关于他们具体在做什么,细节寥寥”。

中尼边境发生山洪灾难 中国如何进行舆论审查

《纽约时报》记者认为,中国信息管控或阻碍西藏洪水救援工作。其报道指出,审查和严格的信息控制在中国很普遍,但在西藏尤为突出——这里自20世纪50年代以来一直处于中国控制之下,曾爆发过要求更多自治权的抗议活动。除了经过严格安排的政府参观团外,外国记者不被允许进入西藏。据人权活动人士称,该地区的藏人可能因与记者交谈或在网上发布任何被视为违背政府说法的内容而被拘留或逮捕。

“国门”被冲毁,“国人”被掩埋

媒体普遍留意到,一段广泛传播的、显示泥石流吞没西藏吉隆县一个边境口岸的片段,已在中国社交媒体平台上遭到审查。

中国数字时代“敏感词库”编辑Mira在接受德国之声采访时指出,同一时段其他符合审查要求的泥石流监控视频在各平台广泛流传,因此审查原因可能在于“国门”这个符号。 审查者不希望人们看到“国门被冲毁”。

也有读者认为,中国社交媒体平台上,充斥着有关这场灾难的视频,很多媒体及时更新救援进展,即便不让看“国门被冲毁”,也不算太严重的新闻审查吧?

我想在这里补充说,政治符号审查对于专制者来说当然意义重大,但是在灾难报道中,最严重也是最残酷的审查就是对人的审查,对个体生命的忽视,对逝者和幸存者尊严的践踏。

不仅“国门”被洪水冲毁,“国人”作为鲜活的生命,也被官媒报道掩埋了。

对于这场灾难的报道,新华社没有缺位,每天都要更新好几次。它的报道就是这种审查结果的“经典教材”。以其最新消息为例,全文222个字符中,涉及灾情的只有33个,约为七分之一,全为数字:“已救出热索村群众2人,吉隆泥石流灾害已造成7人遇难,554人失联。”其余部分,都用来描述“各项抢险救援工作有力有序推进”。

同样是消息体,昨天发表的一则,标题都用了51个字符:“中共中央政治局召开会议 研究部署西藏日喀则市吉隆县泥石流灾害抢险救援工作 中共中央总书记习近平主持会议”,内容都超过1000个字符。“李强在西藏吉隆指导抢险救援和应急处置工作”次之,内容大约为800个字符。

有人会说,及时的消息报道,只见数字不见人有情可原。可以想见,在新华社正在筹备的未来将会发出的通讯体报道中,会写到人,但首先是领导如何英明决策,指挥官如何坚决执行,其次是救援官兵如何舍身忘死,最后才是藏区的灾民,如何对党感恩戴德。

再说了,即便新华社能够良心大发,念及个体生命,不允许更多记者前往藏区,进行更多元的报道,同样是罪恶的新闻管制和媒体审查。

尼泊尔实行联邦民主制度,媒体生态相对多元。今年5月,无国界记者(RSF)发布2026年世界新闻自由指数,在180个受评的国家与地区中,尼泊尔排名第87位,中国连续第二年排名第178,仅高于厄立特里亚与朝鲜。

长平是资深媒体人、时事评论作家。他目前是德国之声专栏作家、中国数字时代执行主编以及六四记忆 · 人权博物馆总策展人。

Open Questions

  • 西藏吉隆县灾区目前的实际受灾和救援进展细节如何?
  • 失联人员的最新搜救情况怎样?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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