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Back精神負擔:為何母親常感腦中事事未完待續
精神負擔:為何母親常感腦中事事未完待續
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BBC中文2 hours agoHealth3 min readChinaView translation

精神負擔:為何母親常感腦中事事未完待續

Quick Look

研究顯示異性戀家庭中,母親承擔71%的家庭精神負擔,包括記憶、規劃和預測家務任務,即使收入增加也未減少此類認知工作,導致壓力、決策疲勞與職業倦怠,專家建議透過伴侶共同承擔、設定共享日曆與正確預期來減輕負擔。

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Why It Matters

文章討論精神負擔(mental load)概念,指維持家庭運作所需的規劃、組織、記憶與預測任務,研究顯示此類認知勞動在異性戀家庭中不成比例地落在母親身上。

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「我的腦子裡總是塞滿了事情,」三個孩子的媽媽史黛西·馬蒂亞斯(Stacie Matthias)說。

「我睡覺前腦袋裡還有一長串待辦事項。」

她談論的是「精神負擔」的概念——計劃、組織、記憶和預測維持家庭運作的任務所帶來的負擔。

這些任務包括:記住孩子的學校旅行安排、查看家長 WhatsApp 群組中的訊息更新、注意家中哪些地方需要清潔、監控孩子的睡眠時間、安排醫生預約以及購買校服。

學者認為,在異性戀夫婦中,這項工作不成比例地落在女性身上——尤其是母親——同時她們也承擔了大部分體力家務勞動。

當然,所有關係和家庭都不盡相同,但研究顯示存在一些明顯的模式。

譬如,英國的孩子們剛結束暑假重返校園,這位來自斯托克波特(Stockport)的37歲居民史黛西向BBC說,她經常覺得9月自己腦子裡特別忙碌。

她說:「正是那種總有事情要記住、要安排或要擔心的感覺,使得每年的這個時候格外忙碌。」

對史黛西而言,這份責任清單讓她感覺自己的大腦就像一個不斷被填滿的洗碗盆。

「如果沒有人幫忙搬走那些鍋碗瓢盆,到一天結束時,水就會溢出來。然後,你就來到了崩潰邊緣。」

英國巴斯大學和澳洲墨爾本大學的學者對3000名美國父母進行了一項關於精神負擔(mental load)的調查。

結果發現,母親承擔了71%的需要腦力勞動的家務:例如記住何時需要清洗床單和毛巾,以及記住冰箱裡的食物何時需要食用。

研究還發現,父親們處理了許多研究人員描述為「偶發性」的任務——即不常發生的事情,例如記住何時為汽車做保養。

墨爾本大學教授莉亞·魯帕納(Prof Leah Ruppaner)將精神負擔描述為無形的、持久且無邊無際的。

她向BBC說:「你不會把碗碟帶到工作場所,但你卻把精神負擔帶到任何地方」。

事實上,在 Reddit 和 Mumsnet 等網路論壇上,精神負擔是一個熱門話題。

女性們在這些論壇上尋求建議,了解如何與伴侶談論因努力兼顧眾多不同責任而感到疲憊不堪的問題。

媽媽們告訴BBC,她們經常被添加到學校的 WhatsApp 群組中——家長們在群組裡討論諸如便服日、學校旅行、生日和失物招領等事情——作為「默認家中代表」。

而她們的伴侶卻從未加入。

譬如,索菲亞(Sophia)是一位 35 歲、育有三個孩子,住在朴茨茅斯(Portsmouth)的媽媽。她用手機上孩子學校的應用支付學校旅行的費用並訂購午餐。但她說丈夫從未下載過該應用程式。

索菲亞表示,她曾多次嘗試向先生解釋精神負擔的概念,但她覺得後者並不理解,並將她的擔憂視為「小事」。

「如果直接做任務的話,這些任務很快就能完成。但我必須為任務做好計劃,我必須預先考慮任務,我必須時刻保持領先十步。」她向BBC說。

一位倫敦的副校長、內容創作者、已婚並育有兩個孩子的山姆·貝瑞(Sam Berry)則向BBC表示,當他的妻子在大兒子出生後第一次提出精神負擔的概念時,他「不太明白」,並且「有點抵觸」。因為他認為自己已經做了很多事——換尿布、餵孩子等等。

他會問自己能做些什麼來幫忙。但他向BBC表示,那樣做仍然把思考的責任推給了對方。

正如史黛西解釋的那樣:「我總是對我的伴侶說:如果我還必須請你做某事,那只會增加我的精神負擔。」

經過幾個月的交談和傾聽,山姆才明白這不僅是完成任務,而是圍繞任務的思考——不只是做晚飯,而是家裡有什麼食材,計劃這頓飯,以及去買菜。

臨床心理學家娜塔莎·華萊士(Natasha Wallace)向BBC解釋,有些女性因為覺得要整理家事而感到壓力很大,她們來找她諮詢。

她說:「對她們來說,往往不是某一個巨大的壓力源。 而是當她們意識到自己要應對數百個細小的需求,而大腦和身體根本無法放鬆時,壓力才會真正襲來。」

她補充強調,許多女性都處於「自動駕駛」狀態。因此她們往往意識不到自己承受著多大的認知負荷,而這種持續的低水平壓力會對神經系統產生影響。

反過來,這會導致睡眠品質差、易怒和決策疲勞。

育兒專家、《工作/育兒轉換》(The Work/Parent Switch)一書的作者安妮塔·克萊爾(Anita Cleare)指出,整體認知損耗會蔓延到我們的工作生活中,導致不可持續的職業倦怠。

還有一項研究發現,收入較高的男性在家庭事務中從事的體力勞動和腦力勞動較少。但當女性的收入增加時,她們從事的體力家務勞動減少,但腦力勞動量仍然相同。

克萊爾向BBC分析,女性很少覺得退出家庭生活是一種選擇,因此她們面臨的選擇就變成了放慢事業速度、轉為兼職,或者停止事業待在家裡——越來越多的女性做出了這樣的選擇。

「如果減輕家務負擔,減輕精神負擔,你就能騰出精力、能力和興趣,從而在工作中表現得更好、更出色。」

為和會出現這種差異?

BBC採訪的許多女性表示,她們認為這種差距是從產假開始的。

華勒斯說,由於女性的產假通常比父親的陪產假長得多,所以她們很早就成為了「預設的父母」。

「如果你成了無所不知、無所不知在何處、無所不能的人,那麼每個人都會開始向你尋求一切幫助。所以即使你重返工作崗位,你仍然是那個核心人物。」

在英國,母親可享有長達52週的法定產假,其中39週有薪。父親可享有長達兩週的法定陪產假。

父母雙方也可選擇共享育嬰假。

有些雇主會為員工提供額外的育嬰假。但多數人在休產假或陪產假期間收入會減少,這影響了許多父親休假的時間長度。

克萊爾認為,工作場所可以透過樹立父親休陪產假的榜樣(而不僅僅是提供陪產假)來提供幫助,還可以設定員工的聯繫時間預期,並支持女性進行職涯發展對話。

這也可能取決於人們如何看待傳統角色。

查克·沃森(Zach Watson)是一位已婚的三個孩子的父親,也是美國的一位教練,他致力於分擔精神負擔。他說,他的祖父在婚姻生活中可能從未做過一頓飯,而他的父親也只做過一點點。

BBC採訪的許多女性都希望自己的伴侶能夠承擔某些任務。

然而,他也表示,平等並不一定意味著所有事情都五五分成——因為一方可能工作更多,另一方可能喜歡烹飪。

因此,重點是要找到對雙方最有利的方式。

倫敦一位有兩個孩子的母親,40歲的阿芙亞·威廉姆斯(Afua Williams)說:「如果你傳統上承擔了更多的精神負擔,你可能需要接受你的伴侶做事方式可能與你截然不同,而且事情可能不會總是進展順利。」

如何減輕負擔

接受BBC新聞採訪的人士分享了他們如何平衡心理負擔的秘訣:

與伴侶清晰地溝通你的感受以及你的精神負擔所帶來的影響。查克稱之為「貼標籤」(labelling)──將無形的認知和情感勞動顯露出來。華勒斯說,不要在生氣或不知所措時進行這些對話,否則對方會感覺像是在「責備或批評」。

「看看你能卸下哪些負擔,」安娜·卡塔拉諾·威克斯(Ana Catalano Weeks)說道。她是研究精神負擔如何影響工作的研究報告的合著者。你真的需要為孩子的朋友準備實體生日卡嗎?你能不能把家長群組裡的WhatsApp靜音,只專注於學校的官方郵件?

定期與伴侶溝通-可以是每天、每週或每季一次。

建立共享日曆,以便每個人都能了解生日、學校會議等資訊。

華萊士稱,要主動承擔任務,從頭到尾完成,無需他人提醒。

克萊爾說,不要陷入「效率陷阱」,以為解決辦法只是提高組織能力。記住,身為父母,最重要的是與孩子建立連結的時刻——而不是孩子不吃某些蔬菜——這將有助於重新定義對孩子的期望。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 隨著更多討論與研究,未來幾年將有更多家庭嘗試透過共享日曆與伴侶對話來平均分配精神負擔。

    Likely · Within months

  • 職場將逐漸認識到精神負擔對員工(特別是父母)的影響,並可能提供彈性安排或資源來支持員工兼顧家庭與工作。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 男性在承擔精神負擔方面的長期改變可能性有多大?
  • 政策層面(如共享育嬰假)是否能有效改變家庭內認知勞動分配?
  • 不同文化背景下,精神負擔的分配模式是否存在顯著差異?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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