
走私客透過將高頻寬記憶體與低階處理器封裝後出口,抵達中國後再拆解取得
儘管美國實施出口管制,三星電子與SK海力士生產的HBM仍遭走私至中國。走私客將HBM與低階處理器封裝以規避審查,抵達後拆解並供應給華為,用於其昇騰960DT AI晶片,顯示管制存在漏洞。
AI-generated summary
美國對先進半導體出口中國實施嚴格管制,旨在限制中國AI技術發展。HBM作為AI晶片關鍵元件,目前由韓國企業主導市場。
儘管美國對先進半導體出口中國實施管制,不過美國科技媒體《The Information》2日報導,韓國三星電子與SK海力士生產的高頻寬記憶體(HBM)仍被大量走私至中國。走私客將HBM與低階伺服器處理器封裝一起,規避出口管制,然後在產品運抵中國後,再拆解出記憶體。
報導指出,走私客將HBM與低階伺服器處理器封裝在電路板上,然後出口至中國。他們利用的漏洞是,單獨出口HBM受到美國出口管制,但將之與伺服器處理器封裝起來,則被歸類為伺服器處理器產品。
根據美國出口規範,半導體封裝的總算力是依據伺服器處理器,而非記憶體來評估。當封裝產品運抵中國後將進行拆解。中國技術人員先加熱電路板,讓焊錫軟化,之後取下記憶體,剩下的處理器則直接丟棄。
整個拆解過程需要精湛技術,加熱過快或太久都可能導致記憶體變形或龜裂,因此失敗率相當高,然而因利潤豐厚,走私猖獗。
一名在中國經手HBM走私的20多歲掮客透露,一個HBM3E近期價格飆漲至4000美元,而一年前的交易價格僅數百美元。一顆AI加速器需要6到8個HBM,光是記憶體成本要2.4萬美元至3.2萬美元之間,這還不包括AI處理器、伺服器以及供電系統的成本。
報導說,以此種方式取得的HBM主要銷售華為。熟悉華為供應鏈的消息來源透露,華為近期向一些客戶解釋說,其下一代旗艦AI晶片昇騰(Ascend)960DT主要採用三星電子與SK海力士生產的HBM。華為指出,昇騰960DT的效能是現有晶片的兩倍,並且是中國國產最強大的一款處理器。
由於難以直接向韓廠採購所需的記憶體,華為甚至建議一些AI晶片客戶自行取得HBM。可快速傳輸大量資料的HBM是提升AI處理器處理效能的核心元件,沒有足夠的HBM,即使開發出高性能AI晶片,也難以充分展現效能。三星電子與SK海力士佔全球HBM市場逾80%。
報導說,走私客往往將相關交易視為是愛國行為。一名20多歲走私記憶體的中國掮客表示,他不認為自己從事走私,他說,他的工作「正為祖國做出貢獻」。
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