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Back行进中国|一粒种子的“长征”——中国超级稻的三十年
行进中国|一粒种子的“长征”——中国超级稻的三十年
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中国新闻网14 hours agoScience9 min readChina

行进中国|一粒种子的“长征”——中国超级稻的三十年

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本文回顾了中国超级稻研究三十年的历程。从杨守仁等老一辈育种家开创籼粳杂交理论,到袁隆平及全国科研团队的协作攻关,中国水稻单产大幅提升,成功打破了国际粮食危机预言,保障了国家粮食安全。

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Why It Matters

1994年莱斯特·布朗提出中国粮食缺口预言,引发中国启动超级稻育种计划。该计划由多代科研人员通过籼粳杂交等技术手段持续攻关。

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“21世纪,谁来养活中国人?”

这是1994年美国人莱斯特·布朗提问。他推算:“中国将出现巨大粮食缺口,全世界加一起也填不上。”现在来看,这个近乎判词的预言早已被击碎:预言中的“巨大缺口”从未出现,中国人把饭碗牢牢端在了自己手里。而打破这个荒诞预言的,是一粒种子的“长征”——一场由几代中国水稻研究者接力走完的科学远征。

2026年9月13日,中国超级稻三十年大会在沈阳开幕,25位两院院士及全国涉农高校科研院所等相关人士齐聚一堂。中国工程院院士、沈阳农业大学教授陈温福在会上追忆超级稻研究历程:“水稻亩产350公斤时,我风华正茂,现在亩产600多公斤时,我已两鬓斑白。”

同样在1994年,菲律宾国际水稻研究所宣布:新株型超高产水稻选育成功。美国媒体惊呼——“这将有助于多养活5亿人口。”

而它的骨干亲本之一,正是沈农89366——一枚编号里刻着“沈农”二字的中国稻种。

消息传回沈阳,82岁的杨守仁无法平静:中国人创制的种,为什么育不成自己的超级稻?

老爷子的底气,攒了四十年。1951年,39岁的杨守仁在美国拿到博士学位,转身登上回国的轮船。此后数十年,他死磕一条无人看好的窄路——籼粳杂交:让“分家”几千年的两个亚种重新联姻。

这条路,同行避之不及,他一走就是半辈子——没有地图,没有援军,这是育种人独自启程的第一段“长征”。1987年,他在日本《育种学杂志》发表论文,系统提出“理想株型与有利优势相结合”。这份论文,日后被公认为中国超级稻的理论原点。

1996年,他致信钱学森院士,转呈国务院,建议开展中国超级稻研究。农业部旋即在沈阳召开论证会。中国超级稻育种计划,正式立项——中国稻作科学的一场“长征”,自此出征。

1996年定下的目标,近乎狂妄:2000年,亩产700公斤。而那一年,全国水稻平均亩产只有414.2公斤。

没有退路。东北无霜期短、积温低,南方模式照搬过来水土不服。二十年间,中国人均粳米年消费量从17.5公斤涨到30公斤,国际市场却几乎无人肯卖——只能自己种。这是横亘在第一代超级稻人面前的“雪山”:翻不过去,就没有路。

沈农人在株型上下功夫:穗子直立,叶片上冲,茎秆粗壮,耐寒抗倒。1997年,沈农265育成——中国第一个超级稻品种,一季产量直指每公顷12吨。

陈温福回忆:“杨守仁老师八十多岁了,给我打电话,说要上稻田里看稻子。”陈温福先整一个轮椅,给他推到稻田那里,看了一大圈回来。“他脑子里只有稻子。”陈温福说。

1999年,辽宁新民50亩示范田实收测产,平均亩产830.1公斤。在陈温福的主持带领下,20多个适合不同稻区的超级稻品种,迅速推广开来,彻底改变了东北稻区种植日本稻种的被动局面。

不止东北。2000年,农业部对湖南、浙江、辽宁三省百亩示范片同时验收:湖南704公斤,浙江789公斤,沈阳的沈农606,880.7公斤,全国最高。超级稻“三级跳”的第一跳,蓄力落地。“长征”,迈出了第一步。

南方,袁隆平主攻超级杂交稻:优势惊人,但须年年制种。北方,沈农主攻超级常规粳稻:高产固定在种子里,农民留种,来年接着种。两条线,同一套部级确认推广体系。

协作从立项第一天就开始。1996年,全国12家优势单位组成协作组;1997年,农业部超级稻专家委员会在沈阳成立,成为全国协作的中枢。1998年,袁隆平上书国务院,1000万元专款撬动全国攻关。每年冬天,各地育种材料汇集海南三亚南繁基地,南北团队把试验数据摊在桌上,互相挑毛病。

南北也互相“串门”。2006年,袁隆平专程到沈阳农业大学,与陈温福、徐正进在试验田边研讨;2009年,武汉、沈阳、北京的育种专家又同赴湖南隆回,蹲在田埂上看超级稻长势。

东南西北中,都在做同一件事。广州黄耀祥的半矮秆株型,站稳华南;福州谢华安育成推广面积最大的汕优63;成都周开达破解西南高温寡照难题;杭州协优9308叩开籼粳杂交之门;南京两优培九、宁波甬优1540相继崛起;哈尔滨的龙粳31,一年种下1692万亩;长沙袁隆平团队向一季吨粮发起总攻;沈阳的沈农系列,接力棒一棒未断。

协作见效。2004年,800公斤的二期目标提前一年达成。2011年,900公斤的三期目标提前四年达成。

此后,是不断“跳级”的十年,也是接力棒一代代下传的十年。2014年10月,湖南溆浦,Y两优900百亩连片实测亩产1026.7公斤。中国水稻单产,首次突破1000公斤。

2021年,河北永年,102亩示范田平均亩产1326.77公斤,创下大面积水稻单产世界纪录。同年,湖南衡南,双季稻周年亩产1603.9公斤,再度刷新世界纪录。

而“超级稻”三个字,从不是终身桂冠。三十年间,264个品种获冠名,135个因推广面积未达到要求被除名。超级稻的“长征”,是一场从未停赛的淘汰赛。而支撑这场淘汰赛三十年不散场的,是一代代育种人孜孜不倦的坚守。

现在,来算一笔账。超级稻年推广面积稳定在1.3亿亩以上,约占全国水稻面积的三成。全国每三碗米饭,就有一碗出自超级稻田。

30年来,超级稻有效拉动全国水稻单产由30年前的每亩388.6公斤(1991-1995平均)提高到现在的每亩475.9公斤(2021-2025平均),增产幅度达到22.5%。

这22.5%意味着什么?意味着多出了数千万亩稻田,意味着布朗之问,被一笔一画写进了稻田里。2025年,中国粮食产量连续第二年突破7亿吨,实现“二十二连丰”。对布朗最好的回答,就在收割机的滚筒里。中国人的饭碗里,稳稳装满了中国粮。

2005年,杨守仁先生辞世。2021年,袁隆平先生辞世。“禾下乘凉梦”,交到了后来者手中。今天,沈农的育种圃里,新品种还在排队下田。基因编辑、AI设计育种,已写进下一程的计划书。

三十年前,杨守仁在沈阳写下题词:“理想株形与优势利用相结合,是水稻超高产育种的大方向。”三十年后,这个方向上,站着一个把饭碗牢牢端在自己手里的中国。

回望来路,几代水稻研究者翻过了一座一座拦路大山:无人看好时,杨守仁独守窄路半辈子;家底单薄时,南北团队挤在地里互相挑毛病;桂冠加身时,他们仍把超级稻当成一场淘汰赛来跑。直面困境的坚韧,坐冷板凳的耐性,丰收之后的清醒,就这样一棒一棒传了下去。

一粒种子,可以改变一个世界。这,就是中国超级稻的三十年——“长征”仍在继续,接力仍在继续。

Open Questions

  • 未来AI育种技术对单产提升的上限是多少?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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