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Back立法院通過無人載具條例 國防與產業分層治理仍存爭議
立法院通過無人載具條例 國防與產業分層治理仍存爭議
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自由时报1 hour agoPolitics3 min readChinaView translation

立法院通過無人載具條例 國防與產業分層治理仍存爭議

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立法院於8月27日三讀通過《強化國防自主暨無人載具產業發展條例》,規定經濟部主管產業政策、國防部負責軍事採購,中央政府須在6年內編列2400億元預算。文章指出雖採折衷方案,但無人載具究竟屬國防戰力還是產業政策仍未解決,預算編列方式可能違憲,並強調需建立明確責任鏈以確保預算轉化為實戰戰力。

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Why It Matters

立法院於8月27日三讀通過《強化國防自主暨無人載具產業發展條例》,取代行政院原先提出的《國防自主無人載具採購特別條例》。新法規定經濟部主管產業政策、國防部負責軍事採購,中央政府須在6年內編列2400億元預算,原則上每年400億元,不足時可依實際需求增編。

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◎ 楊聰榮

立法院於8月27日三讀通過《強化國防自主暨無人載具產業發展條例》,行政院原先提出的《國防自主無人載具採購特別條例》並未獲得支持。三讀版本規定,整體產業政策由經濟部主管,涉及國防軍用採購時則由國防部主管。中央政府須在6年內循年度預算程序編列2400億元,原則上每年400億元,不足時可依實際需求增編。目前法案仍待立法院完成議案校對,再送請總統公布。

國防需求與產業政策必須分層治理

表面上看,立法院採取折衷設計,經濟部負責產業發展,國防部掌理軍事採購,也納入卓榮泰所堅持的部分原則。真正的爭議沒有完全解決。無人載具究竟是國防戰力建設,還是一般產業振興政策,將直接決定需求由誰提出、規格由誰制定、預算如何編列,以及採購成效由誰負責。

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無人機與無人艇進入軍事體系,不能只從產值、補助家數及工廠產能評估。軍用無人載具必須符合偵察距離、抗干擾能力、資料鏈安全、目標辨識、武器整合、維修補給與戰場生存率等條件。經濟部可以協助擴充產能,卻無法取代國防部判斷作戰情境與戰力缺口。軍事需求若不是整體計畫的起點,產業可能生產出大量可以飛行,卻無法融入國軍指揮、通信及作戰系統的裝備。

國防部主導也不代表排除經濟部。較合理的治理方式,是由國防部提出作戰需求、能力指標、採購節奏與部隊訓練計畫,由經濟部負責供應鏈盤點、技術升級、融資協助、量產能力與國際市場布局。行政院設置的國家無人載具產業發展戰略特別委員會,應負責處理跨部會協調,不能成為增加會議與文件的另一層行政架構。

特別預算與年度預算 制度不應被簡化

在野黨主張年度預算可以強化監督,這項考量具有正當性。年度預算若反覆延宕,軍方將無法簽訂長期採購契約,廠商也不敢提前投資廠房、設備與人力。無人載具技術更新速度極快,採購時程一旦被政治僵局拖延,6年前規劃的機型可能在交貨前已經落後。

特別預算也不等於空白授權。行政院可以提出6年整體計畫,立法院則可要求分階段核定、逐年報告、重大採購專案揭露與審計追蹤。三讀條文規定,單一採購案超過1億元者,主管機關應在決標後30日內提出書面報告,這類監督機制可以保留。更重要的監督應放在戰力是否形成、國產化比例是否提升、關鍵零組件是否排除高風險來源,而不是只比較年度執行率。

2400億元高於行政院原案的2100億元,卻由立法院先決定總額與每年400億元的原則,也留下憲政責任上的疑問。司法院釋字第264號與第391號解釋都指出,立法院不得對行政院預算增加支出,以免施政計畫與政治責任分離。這次是透過法律案設定未來預算義務,是否完全落入憲法第70條的禁止範圍,仍可能產生法律爭議。至少可以確定,立法院若決定金額與執行框架,行政院卻要承擔採購結果,權力與責任便容易失衡。

國防部指出,行政院版的機型、數量與期程,是依據敵情威脅、作戰需求及友盟協調完成評估,並對原案未獲通過表達遺憾。政府接下來不宜只停留在朝野攻防。行政院應儘快公布6年能力建構路線圖,說明各型無人載具的任務、數量、交付時程、國產化要求及驗收標準。立法院則應建立固定審查時程,避免年度預算成為延遲建軍的政治工具。

台灣需要的不是單純擴大無人機產值,而是建立可以在戰時快速補充、持續改良並排除中國高風險零組件的可信任供應鏈。國防部必須掌握軍事需求,經濟部必須建立產業量能,立法院必須確保預算受到有效監督。三個環節只有形成清楚的責任鏈,2400億元才可能轉化為真正的防衛戰力,而不是另一項規模龐大、責任模糊的政策工程。

(作者為時事評論員,公督盟評審委員,ESG碳減量聯盟理事長,任教於台師大)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 行政院將公布6年能力建構路線圖,說明各型無人載具的任務、數量、交付時程、國產化要求及驗收標準

    Likely · Within weeks

  • 立法院將建立固定審查時程,避免年度預算成為延遲建軍的政治工具

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 該條例是否違反憲法第70條關於立法院不得增加行政院預算支出的禁止規定?
  • 如何確保無人載具採購符合實際作戰需求而非僅追求產值?
  • 跨部會協調機制是否能有效運作而非成為形式主義?
  • 立法院將如何監督預算執行與戰力形成?

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