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Back自由開講》美軍撤出第一島鏈? 戳破不切實際的戰略假議題
自由開講》美軍撤出第一島鏈? 戳破不切實際的戰略假議題
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自由时报2 hours agoOpinion6 min readChinaView translation

自由開講》美軍撤出第一島鏈? 戳破不切實際的戰略假議題

面對美國非主流智庫「國防重點」倡議美軍撤出第一島鏈,國人無需隨之起舞。實力與防衛決心才是維持和平的關鍵。

Quick Look

針對美智庫建議美軍撤出第一島鏈的孤立主義言論,作者吳國棟分析指出第一島鏈失守則第二島鏈難守,川普政府的戰略及盟友大幅提高國防預算(如台灣規劃2030年前達GDP 5%)展現防衛決心,才是嚇阻中共的關鍵。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美智庫「國防重點」主任卡瓦納發表報告主張美軍撤出第一島鏈,引發外界對美國對台政策轉變的討論。

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◎ 吳國棟

日前美國華府非主流智庫「國防重點」分析主任卡瓦納(Jennifer Kavanagh)發表報告,主張美軍應將亞洲防線全面後撤至第二島鏈(如關島、帛琉),甚至建議終止或限縮與日、韓、菲、澳的共同防禦條約,對台海改採不干預政策,更建議在2030年前將沖繩的美軍陸戰隊撤回本土,並撤出派駐台灣的500名美軍教官。此言一出,旋即引發亞太戰略界一陣撻伐。然而,國人在面對這類美國內部孤立主義的多元言論時,毋須隨之起舞、陷入集體焦慮。我們應看清地緣政治的底牌:第一島鏈若失守,第二島鏈將根本無法單獨防禦,美軍更不可能對中國示弱。

第一島鏈失守 第二島鏈也守不住

日前美國華府非主流智庫「國防重點」分析主任卡瓦納(Jennifer Kavanagh)發表報告,建議在2030年前將沖繩的美軍陸戰隊撤回本土。(美聯社檔案照)回顧歷史,類此「棄台論」或「戰略收縮」的論調在美國民主社會從未缺席。

在華府建制派眼中,這是不切實際的非主流囈語。倫敦國王學院戰略教授帕特拉諾便直言,撤出第一島鏈等同於美軍完全退出印太。南韓輿論更重批,這無異於重蹈1950年韓戰爆發前、將台灣與朝鮮半島排除在防禦圈外的「艾奇遜防線」覆轍。更重要的是,現任川普政府的《國家防衛戰略》早已明確強調,將在「第一島鏈」實施強力的「以拒止為基礎的防衛」,絕不對北京示弱。

北約秘書長呂特近日訪英時更嚴正示警,若中國對台灣或印太地區「第一島鏈」的任何地方採取軍事行動,美國與歐洲的高階戰略決策者皆確信,中國將會迫使、聯手俄羅斯在歐洲開闢第二戰場對西方採取行動,演變成致命的「雙戰區同時衝突」。他這番「雙戰區衝突」的權威警告,實質上點出了第一島鏈與全球安全唇齒相依的底牌,更戳破了美軍能單獨後撤的幻想。

北大西洋公約組織(NATO)秘書長呂特(右)示警,中國若入侵台灣,可能迫使俄羅斯也攻擊歐洲,北約須為歐洲與印太兩個戰區同時發生衝突的情況做好準備。(彭博檔案照)前陸軍司令、國安局長及駐丹麥代表李翔宙將軍近日亦對此精闢剖析,強調美國決策核心仍以強化第一島鏈韌性為主軸。美方之所以長期維持「戰略模糊」,核心智慧正在於其「不確定性」能同時對兩岸產生約束力:北京因無法確認美軍介入的代價上限,因而抑制動武衝動;台北也因無法篤定美軍必然出兵,因而克制片面改變現狀的誘因。這種運用得宜的模糊,是維持數十年兩岸和平的彈性嚇阻籌碼。

不過,國人必須了解川普戰略的「使用者付費」原則。川普於2025年元月要求北大西洋公約組織(NATO)及歐盟國家將國防預算大幅提高至國內生產毛額(GDP)的5%:其中3.5%為核心國防支出,包括武器及軍人薪資;1.5%為安全相關基礎設施投資。川普的目的就是讓歐洲防務自主,好讓美國能將軍力全力東移、集中至亞洲對付中國。面對這場世紀大國博弈,太平洋第一島鏈上的民主盟友們,最佳的應對方式就是用實質提高的國防預算,向白宮與世界展示堅韌的「自我防衛決心」。

目前日本正考慮制定新的中期國防支出目標,方案之一是比照南韓的承諾,在十年內將國防預算調升至GDP的3.5%,向北約及美國其他盟邦的標準看齊,或設定在較低的3%。

國防支出提升至GDP5% 武裝成刺蝟

李翔宙將軍強調美國決策核心仍以強化第一島鏈韌性為主軸。(資料照)賴清德總統則早在2025年8月就已承諾,將在2030年前將台灣國防支出提升至GDP的5%。這項承諾正是比照北約的標準:其中3.5%將作為「核心國防支出」,專款專用於加速採購新式武器、建構自主不對稱戰力,以及全面改善國軍的薪資福利與待遇;而其餘的1.5%則為「安全相關基礎設施投資」,用以強化網路安全、能源及港口等關鍵基礎設施的防衛韌性。這項清晰的預算規劃,不僅是向全球展示「台灣自我防衛的決心」,更是實質上拉高中共犯台代價的關鍵。

總結而言,面對美國智庫個別學者的棄台風向球,我們既不用緊張,也沒時間自怨自艾。當台灣、日本、南韓、澳洲等國共同拉高防衛開支、將自己武裝成難以吞下的「刺蝟」時,不僅徹底戳破了卡瓦納這類撤退論的盲點,更反向鞏固了美國政界與川普政府持續重兵部署第一島鏈的戰略決心。唯有實力才能帶來和平,台灣國防預算占GDP 5%的決心,正是我們刺破地緣政治偽命題的最強利刃。

台灣將在2030年前將國防支出提升至GDP的5%。圖為漢光42號演習,空軍天弓飛彈部隊進駐大台北地區戰術位置待命接戰。(歐新社檔案照)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 台灣將在2030年前將國防支出提升至GDP的5%

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 川普政府是否會真正落實全面調高盟友防務支出與印太軍力部署?

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