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Back印度尼西亚垃圾焚烧导致微塑料污染加剧,健康风险引发全球关注
印度尼西亚垃圾焚烧导致微塑料污染加剧,健康风险引发全球关注
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纽约时报中文网6 hours agoEnvironment3 min readChinaView translation

印度尼西亚垃圾焚烧导致微塑料污染加剧,健康风险引发全球关注

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印度尼西亚贾蒂瓦林因垃圾填埋场大火持续燃烧10天,释放大量微塑料进入空气。研究显示该国人均月摄入15克塑料颗粒,居世界首位,微塑料已检测入人体血液、组织及海产品,专家警告其可能引发炎症、细胞损伤及心血管疾病风险增加,而露天焚烧垃圾成为主要污染源,全国57%家庭仍存此行为。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

印度尼西亚长期面临塑料垃圾管理难题,露天焚烧垃圾行为普遍,全国57%家庭仍存此行为,尽管其为违法行为。贾蒂瓦林因垃圾填埋场大火持续10天,释放大量微塑料进入空气,凸显该国塑料污染的系统性挑战。

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7月,位于贾蒂瓦林因的垃圾填埋场发生大火,持续燃烧了10天。就其规模和持续时间而言,这场火灾不同寻常,但这类污染在印度尼西亚普遍存在:人们每天都在焚烧垃圾。

“我们正在呼吸微塑料,”雅加达印度尼西亚国家研究与创新署高级科学家穆罕默德·礼萨·科尔多瓦说。

其影响可能十分严重,并会蔓延到该国境外。

当局表示,在消防员控制住垃圾场的火势后,周边地区有数百人因急性呼吸道感染接受治疗。垃圾堆中包括数万吨塑料,在大火肆虐时碎裂成微小碎片。

微塑料通常被定义为长度小于五毫米的碎片,略小于塑料吸管的直径。其中最小的纳米塑料尺寸小于一微米,最有可能进入人体血液和组织。

研究人员还在人类大脑、母乳和羊水中发现了微小塑料碎片——塑料不可生物降解,并会不断分解成越来越小的碎片。

根据康奈尔大学2024年发表的一项研究,印度尼西亚的微塑料摄入量居世界首位。研究人员发现,印度尼西亚人平均每月摄入15克塑料颗粒,相当于三张信用卡的重量。该国空气中的微塑料浓度也位居全球前列。研究人员已在该国18个城市的空气中发现塑料碎片,其中雅加达浓度最高。

这种污染是该国长期面临塑料垃圾管理难题所留下的有毒遗产。礼萨及其同事报告称,下雨后地面上的微塑料数量增加五倍——这表明空气中这些物质的浓度已经非常高。

洗涤合成纤维衣物也会向污水中排放微塑料,进而进入河流和海洋。某些类型的汽车轮胎在磨损时也会产生微塑料。

所有这些都具有全球影响,因为印度尼西亚位于两大洋之间。联合国表示,该国是仅次于中国的世界第二大塑料污染国。印尼渔业发达,每年向亚洲和北美出口超过100万吨海产品。研究人员已在印度尼西亚水域捕获的蝠鲼、虱目鱼和鲷鱼体内发现微塑料。

而且,垃圾本身一旦进入海洋,可以漂流很远的距离。

关于微塑料如何影响人体的科学研究仍处于早期阶段。但2024年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的一项研究发现,在接受清除颈动脉堵塞手术的患者中,如果从动脉中取出的斑块内发现微塑料,那么这些患者在接下来33个月内发生心脏病发作、中风或死亡的可能性,是斑块中不含塑料者的4.5倍。

对照实验研究表明,接触微小塑料可引发炎症和细胞损伤。

“我毫不怀疑微塑料是疾病的诱因,是过早死亡的原因,”波士顿学院全球健康项目主任菲利普·兰德里根博士说。“任何有理性的人都不可能认为人体内的微塑料是无害的。”

但公众可能要等多年才能获得更清晰的图景。科学家表示,理解微塑料如何影响人类健康的根本问题是,他们无法可靠地测量能够进入人体细胞的最微小颗粒。虽然有多项研究显示微塑料暴露与疾病之间存在关联,但它们并不能证明微塑料导致了这些疾病。

昆士兰大学环境健康科学家凯文·托马斯表示,研究人员目前面临的挑战是,弄清楚什么水平才是潜在有害的。

不过,他还说:“限制接触是可靠的建议。”

去年,印度尼西亚卫生部长布迪·古纳迪·萨迪金召开新闻发布会,警告如果雅加达下雨,人们应该戴口罩。这一由礼萨的研究结果引发的声明,导致印度尼西亚媒体出现大量关于“塑料雨”的警告报道。但礼萨说,公众同样应该担心旱季,因为那时人们可能吸入悬浮在空气中的微塑料。

在部长发出警告后,雅加达居民瓦休·利利克在通勤时更加坚持佩戴口罩,这是他在新冠疫情期间养成的习惯。

“我以前更担心雅加达的空气污染,但自从微塑料问题被广泛讨论后,这更加重了我的担忧,”从事营销工作的瓦休说。

焚烧垃圾

据印尼研究人员称,印度尼西亚空气传播微塑料污染如此严重的一个主要原因是露天焚烧垃圾。

根据印尼卫生部2023年的一项调查,约57%的印尼家庭会焚烧垃圾,尽管这是违法行为;而全球平均水平为14%。

数以百万计的人不得不焚烧垃圾,因为城市以外的垃圾收集服务少之又少。回收利用并不普遍。许多低收入人群只能购买便宜的塑料小包装洗发水、咖啡和洗涤剂,这些包装在全国各地堆积成垃圾山。

这些垃圾堆存在火灾隐患。7月,官员们表示,他们在旱季预先向雅加达的班塔尔格邦垃圾场喷水,因为垃圾堆中积聚的可燃甲烷气体浓度很高。这座垃圾场比自由女神像还高,面积超过200个足球场。

去年,非营利组织埃科顿表示,已在印尼18个城市的空气中发现微塑料。

6月,印尼环境部长穆罕默德·朱姆胡尔·希达亚特设定了2027年的最后期限,要求所有地方政府彻底停止露天倾倒垃圾。但环保人士表示,这一期限极不可能实现。

水中的微塑料

2022年,当礼萨从他在雅加达北部实验室的屋顶收集雨水时,他预料到会发现那些他熟悉的微小塑料碎片,也就是人们所说的微塑料。

但他对它们的数量之多感到震惊,而且有一种微塑料占了主导地位:合成纤维。

他的发现与国际自然保护联盟(一个全球环境网络)的一项研究结果相呼应。该研究结论认为,用洗衣机洗衣服是全球最大的家庭微塑料污染源之一。

在洗涤过程中,洗衣机的摩擦会导致微小的塑料纤维脱落。研究表明,更快的脱水转速和热水会使这些纤维更容易脱落。手洗衣物或使用较低脱水转速产生的微塑料排放则较少。

在拥有先进污水处理系统的国家,这些微小的纤维大多会被综合过滤设施截留。但在印尼,此类设施很少。洗衣废水通常排入排水沟或溪流,导致数百万根纤维直接流入河流。

当这些河流在阳光下干涸时,纤维留在原地。随着时间推移,它们被风卷起,并在大气中积聚。降雨时,雨水将空气中悬浮的灰尘、污染物和微塑料冲刷下来。

埃科顿的研究人员对印尼的68条河流进行了采样,发现合成纤维占这些水域所有微塑料污染的近一半。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 印尼政府将在2027年前难以实现全国范围内彻底停止露天倾倒垃圾的目标

    Likely · Within years

  • 雅加达及其他印尼主要城市的空气微塑料浓度将在干季持续居高不下,增加居民吸入风险

    Likely · Within months

  • 微塑料通过海产品出口进入亚洲及北美食物链的路径将持续引发国际食品安全关注

    Possible · Within years

Open Questions

  • 微塑料在人体内的累积剂量与具体疾病之间的因果关系尚未被 definitively 证明
  • 印尼政府禁止露天焚烧垃圾的2027年目标在基础设施不足和低收入群体依赖情况下能否实现
  • 目前检测技术是否能够可靠测量能够进入人体细胞的最小纳米塑料颗粒

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This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

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