Back德國另類選擇黨爭議詞彙解析:從極右翼到法西斯主義的定義
德國另類選擇黨爭議詞彙解析:從極右翼到法西斯主義的定義
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中央社1 hour agoPolitics6 min readChinaView translation

德國另類選擇黨爭議詞彙解析:從極右翼到法西斯主義的定義

德國之聲特別整理詞彙表,由學者深入剖析極右翼德國另類選擇黨(AfD)相關標籤代表的意涵與適用性。

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極右翼德國另類選擇黨在地方選舉大勝引發震撼。德國之聲特別整理詞彙表,由政治學家法爾-托貝爾深入剖析極右翼、右翼民粹主義、血統民族主義與法西斯主義等標籤的意涵與適用性。

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Why It Matters

極右翼德國另類選擇黨在地方選舉大勝引發震撼,社會與學界圍繞相關政治標籤展開討論。

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(中央社柏林6日綜合外電報導)極右翼德國另類選擇黨(AfD)在地方選舉大勝引發震撼。圍繞這場爭議充斥極右與法西斯等名詞,德國之聲(DW)特別整理詞彙表,由學者深入剖析這些標籤代表的意涵與適用性。

極右翼極端主義者(Far-right extremist)

AfD常被歸類為「極右翼極端主義政黨」,然而,這個詞彙並無明確定義。就最廣義而言,意味一個政黨的立場遠在政治光譜中心偏右位置。

極右翼政黨通常與強烈的民族主義、種族主義、威權國家觀,以及排斥自由多元社會聯想在一起。

任職德國聯邦公共行政應用科學大學(Federal University of Applied Administrative Sciences)的政治學家法爾-托貝爾(Armin Pfahl-Traughber)是德國極端主義權威學者之一,他認為極右翼政黨不一定反民主。

他接受德國之聲訪問時,解釋為何認為在探討AfD時使用「極右翼極端主義者」更為貼切:「當涉及排斥現代民主的核心價值,例如民主制度、權力分立、人權與多元主義,並過度強調族群認同,我就會使用『極右翼極端主義者』這個標籤。」

在他看來,AfD自2013年創立以來經歷了轉型。他說:「原本是一個由右翼民主派政黨伴隨少數極右翼極端主義者起家,多年來已演變成一個極右翼極端主義政黨,內部僅剩少數右翼民主派。」

右翼民粹主義者(Right-wing populist)

「民粹主義」(populism)一詞源自拉丁文populus,意指「人民」;除此之外,這個詞彙並無明確定義,常被用來形容試圖迎合大眾的政治人物或政黨。

法爾-托貝爾指出,右翼民粹主義具有幾項核心特徵:將人民視為單一整體(進而排斥多元主義),並設定「他們」與「我們」的對立,通常意味著「人民」對抗「菁英」。

此外,右翼民粹主義者往往試圖直接向「平民大眾」靠攏,宣稱知曉人民所思所求。這個名詞也常被用來形容AfD,因為AfD的政治風格展現了這些鮮明特徵。

右翼保守派(Right-wing conservative)

「右翼保守派」一詞通常用於強調家鄉、傳統家庭等保守價值,以及民族主義、強大國家與「法律與秩序」的政治人物或政黨。

不同於右翼極端主義者,右翼保守派不一定將人民視為種族或族群上的單一共同體。一般而言,這些人接受民主的基本原則與現行的憲政秩序。

然而,歷史上也曾出現源自右翼保守主義的反民主運動:例如德國「保守革命」的支持者,代表人物包括史賓勒(Oswald Spengler)、容爾(Ernst Jünger)與施密特(Carl Schmitt)。這些學者排斥議會制、現代性與社會多元化,並呼籲建立由威權領袖統治的國家。

血統民族主義(Völkisch)

Völkisch是德語名詞das Volk,即「人民或民族」的形容詞形式;然而,自19世紀末以來,das Volk被用來指涉血統純淨的族群共同體,並且從一開始就帶有強烈反猶太主義色彩。

這樣的血統民族主義運動是希特勒(Adolf Hitler)領導殘暴的國家社會主義運動前身。

如今,政治人物與專家指責AfD抱持民族至上觀點,因AfD黨務官員一再將德國人區分為具有移民背景與無移民背景兩大類。

法西斯主義者(Fascist)

這個名詞形容一種訴諸民族主義、反民主世界觀的極端政治立場,源自義大利文fascio,有「捆、束」之意。

起初,這是20世紀初期與義大利獨裁者墨索里尼(Benito Mussolini)運動有關的自我稱呼。

墨索里尼統治下法西斯主義的核心特徵包括極端民族主義、擁護領袖原則、排斥民主制度,以及歌頌暴力與戰爭。希特勒領導的德國國家社會主義借鑑了義大利法西斯運動,隨後被歷史學家歸類為法西斯主義的極端形式。

現今將這個詞彙應用於極右翼極端主義運動,在學術界仍存有爭議。

法爾-托貝爾主張:「在大多數情況下,相關團體無法與希特勒或墨索里尼的運動畫上等號。」許多學界同僚亦認同這項評估。

「右翼極端主義嫌疑個案」(Suspected case of right-wing extremism)

這個標籤由德國境內情報機構「聯邦保護憲法辦公室」(Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution)所使用,而AfD在德國已被列為右翼極端主義嫌疑個案。

法爾-托貝爾解釋這項分類的意涵:「這代表有具體理由懷疑有意圖破壞自由民主基本秩序,且這些理由需要進一步調查。」

根據聯邦保護憲法辦公室的調查結果,AfD試圖賦予具移民背景的德國人次等法律地位,這類作為違反了德國憲法。這項認定已於2024年獲得明斯特(Münster)高等行政法院裁定維持。

「右翼極端主義確定個案」(Confirmed right-wing extremist)

法爾-托貝爾表示,聯邦保護憲法辦公室這項分類是「經過評估後的結論,認定相關政治行為者確實屬於極端分子」。

在德國,這項分類具有實質法律後果,意味著「今後得使用情報機關手段監控這個政黨」,包含監聽電話通訊或透過線民進行情報蒐集。

此外,被列為「右翼極端主義確定個案」的政黨成員,可能被拒絕聘任為教師、警察或軍人,因為這些成員對憲法的忠誠度無法獲得保證。

聯邦保護憲法辦公室將AfD列為「右翼極端主義確定個案」的評定,目前正由科隆行政法院(Cologne Administrative Court)進行司法審查。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 科隆行政法院將對聯邦保護憲法辦公室將AfD列為右翼極端主義確定個案進行司法審查

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 科隆行政法院將對AfD做出何種司法審查裁決?

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