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Back喜馬拉雅冰川融化速度加快,威脅南亞數億人生計
喜馬拉雅冰川融化速度加快,威脅南亞數億人生計
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BBC中文1 hour agoEnvironment3 min readChinaView translation

喜馬拉雅冰川融化速度加快,威脅南亞數億人生計

Quick Look

喜馬拉雅冰川目前的冰量流失速度比十年前快65%,報告警示該地區正逼近危險臨界點,可能引發冰湖潰堤等連鎖災害,影響印度等國的水資源與經濟,印度約20% GDP 依賴喜馬拉雅水資源,但山區邦僅獲得約5% 經濟價值。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

喜馬拉雅地區擁有約4萬座冰川,但只有約21座受到詳細監測。該地區是南亞多條主要河流的水源,支持印度約20% 的 GDP,但山區邦實際獲得的經濟價值僅約5%。過去曾發生多起冰湖潰堤導致的毀滅性洪災,如2023年錫金邦和2021年北阿坎德邦的災害。

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作者, 蘇蒂克·比斯瓦斯(Soutik Biswas)

角色, BBC駐印度記者

發表時間: 5 分鐘前

閱讀時間: 3 分鐘

喜馬拉雅山脈(The Himalayas)正逼近一個危險的臨界點。根據一項最新研究,喜馬拉雅冰川目前的冰量流失速度,比10年前快了65%。

全球顧問公司 Systemiq 發表這項研究結果之際,正值尼泊爾—西藏經歷泥石流,洪災已造成逾1,300人死亡,導致大規模破壞,事件突顯了冰川融化帶來的風險。

報告指出,冰川消退後,可能會留下面積不斷擴大的冰湖,而這些冰湖僅由不穩定的岩石與冰塊堆積物所攔阻。與此同時,暖化亦正令永凍土(permafrost)——即溫度上升時可能解凍的長年冰封土地——以及高山山坡變得不穩定,增加了引發連鎖災害的可能性。

然而,報告指出,喜馬拉雅—喀喇崑崙地區(Himalaya-Karakoram region)估計約有4萬座冰川,目前只有約21座受到詳細且持續的監測。監測若出現巨大缺口,就難以追蹤正在急速變化的當地地貌。

Systemiq的報告是與綜合山地倡議組織(Integrated Mountain Initiative)共同發表,並獲得國際山地綜合發展中心(International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICIMOD)及GB潘特國立喜馬拉雅環境研究所的技術支援。

這些風險將對印度造成很大影響。

報告指出,印度約有18%的國土位於喜馬拉雅地區,但該地區約占全國災害的35%。

印度政府今年7月向國會表示,在2025年針對印度喜馬拉雅地區189座高風險冰川湖進行科學評估後,其中56座被列為「極高風險」。政府表示,印度中央水利委員會目前正在監測印度喜馬拉雅各流域內、面積超過10公頃的2,485座冰川湖。

喜馬拉雅山脈,過去曾出現冰湖潰堤造成毀滅性後果的實例。

2023年,印度錫金邦(Sikkim)發生冰川湖潰決洪水,至少70人死亡,道路、橋梁及水力發電設施遭廣泛破壞。2021年,北阿坎德邦(Uttarakhand)也發生類似災害,一場大規模洪水席捲瑞詩凱詩河(Rishiganga)和道里根加河(Dhauliganga)流域,造成超過200人死亡。

然而,危險並不僅限於這類震撼性的洪災。

喜馬拉雅山脈是一個龐大的天然水資源系統,供養著南亞數以億計人口賴以維生的河流。國際山地綜合發展中心(ICIMOD)表示,大多數興都庫什—喜馬拉雅(Hindu Kush Himalayan)河流流域,預計會在本世紀中葉左右迎來「峰值水量」(peak water)——即冰川徑流量達到最高點、其後隨冰川流失質量而開始下降的階段。

這項最新研究進一步以異常龐大的經濟數字,呈現這種依賴關係的程度。

報告估計,喜馬拉雅水資源支撐著印度約20%的國內生產總值(GDP),維繫著小麥、稻米、茶葉、水力發電及朝聖經濟等產業。但報告指出,這些山區邦實際取得的經濟價值僅約佔其中的5%。

「喜馬拉雅山脈就是『第三極』,」倫敦政治經濟學院格蘭瑟姆氣候變遷與環境研究所(Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment)主席、經濟學家尼古拉斯·斯特恩勳爵(Lord Nicholas Stern)說。

「與北極或南極不同的是,這個『極地』之下居住著數以億計的人口。」

他表示,喜馬拉雅水資源「是國家及國際級別的基礎設施」,並警告支撐著這個系統的生態系統正「逼近臨界點」。

並非所有導致冰川流失的因素,都超出這個地區自身可以控制的範圍。

Systemiq 的研究估計,喜馬拉雅地區約三分之一的冰川融化,是由黑碳(black carbon)所造成,其中很大一部分來自平原地區的磚窯。沉積在積雪與冰層上的煤煙會吸收更多陽光,進而加速融化。

報告指出,與全球溫室氣體排放不同,黑碳污染是印度及其鄰國可以直接採取行動、加以控制的因素。

Systemiq 資深總監兼報告主要作者阿魯希·喬普拉(Arushi Chopra)表示:「喜馬拉雅山脈正逼近臨界點,數百萬人的生命與生計都處於岌岌可危的狀態。冰川融化的速度已經比10年前更快。」

報告提出十項優先轉型措施,包括減少黑碳排放、擴大冰川監測、改善災害預警系統等,以及改變山區旅遊業的發展方式。

其中一項優先事項,是加強災害應變準備,讓各國政府事先就風險出現時應採取的行動達成共識——由疏散安排,到保護脆弱的基礎設施,都應該預先規劃。

另一項要務,是重新思考旅遊業的發展模式。報告指出,印度喜馬拉雅地區每年錄得約4億人次旅客到訪,研究人員認為,發展目標應該由「盡量提高旅客人數」,轉向「創造能夠留存並回饋當地的經濟價值」。

ICIMOD 總幹事佩馬·嘉措(Pema Gyamtsho)表示,相關風險正變得日益複雜。

他說:「冰川正在退縮,永久凍土與高山坡地也變得愈來愈不穩定,下游社區與基礎設施面臨來自複雜且相互連鎖災害的日益升高風險。」

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 印度將在2025年對189座高風險冰川湖進行科學評估後,採取針對性風險降低措施

    Very likely · Within months

  • 黑碳排放減少將成為印度及其鄰國應對喜馬拉雅冰川融化的關鍵區域性政策

    Likely · Within years

  • 喜馬拉雅地區將進一步擴大冰川監測站數量,以彌蓋當前僅21座被詳細監測的缺口

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 黑碳減排具體政策將如何實施?
  • 冰川監測網絡擴展需要多少資金與技術支持?
  • 山區旅遊業轉型為可持續模式的具體路徑是什麼?
  • 下游社區的災害預警系統何時能完善?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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