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Back打破“猪牛同涨同跌”规律 肉类消费更多元均衡
打破“猪牛同涨同跌”规律 肉类消费更多元均衡
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中国新闻网2 hours agoAgriculture3 min readChinaView translation

打破“猪牛同涨同跌”规律 肉类消费更多元均衡

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国内肉类市场出现猪肉价格持续低位震荡、牛肉价格稳步走高的分化走势,根源在于居民消费结构从增量满足转向提质多元,以及生猪产能过剩与牛肉供给收缩的供给周期错位。数据显示,2023年至2025年人均猪肉消费量降幅达12.8%,牛肉价格受进口配额政策和国内产量下滑双重影响上涨。产业亏损与调控需求并存,未来需通过精准产能调控和政策协同促进肉类产业高质量转型。

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Why It Matters

国内肉类市场长期呈现‘猪牛同涨同跌’的联动规律,但最近几个月出现价格分化,猪肉零售价持续低位震荡,牛肉批发价稳步走高,反映出供需格局和消费结构的深层变化。

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肉类消费更多元均衡

最近几个月,国内肉类市场走势分化,打破了长期以来“猪牛同涨同跌”的联动规律:多地商超猪肉零售价持续低位震荡,牛肉批发价稳步走高。这种相反走势并非简单的市场波动,而是我国畜禽养殖周期重构、居民消费结构迭代等多重因素集中作用的体现,折射出肉类产业高质量转型的深层变革。

消费偏好转变

9月30日,农业农村部畜牧兽医局统计数据显示:全国猪肉平均价格21.07元/公斤,比前一周下跌0.5%,同比下跌12.8%。全国牛肉平均价格77.12元/公斤,比前一周上涨0.4%,同比上涨8.2%。猪肉牛肉价差持续拉大,市场分化特征愈发显著。

本轮猪肉牛肉价格反向波动,根源在于居民肉类消费结构的长期性、结构性变迁,大众吃肉偏好从“增量满足”转向“提质多元”。中国农业大学经济管理学院副教授龙文进分析,当前我国居民肉品消费多元化趋势凸显,猪肉消费占比持续回落,牛肉等高品质肉类消费份额稳步提升,其中农村市场消费增长尤为明显,城乡肉类消费差距持续缩小。

从消费场景来看,餐饮市场扩容、居民健康饮食理念升级,成为牛肉需求增长的双重驱动力。短期来看,餐饮旺季带动牛肉批量采购,拉动市场需求攀升;长期来看,居民对肉类营养品质、口感风味的追求,持续推动高品质牛肉消费扩容。2018年至2024年,牛肉消费价格呈现先涨后降的变化,价格适度回落有助于释放消费潜力,支撑牛肉需求稳步增长。

与之相对,我国猪肉消费已进入见顶回落通道,中长期下行趋势明确。龙文进认为,受禽肉等替代品类普及等因素影响,我国猪肉消费总量难以再度扩容,产业发展正式从规模扩张转向品质提升、价值增值新阶段。数据显示,2023年至2025年,我国居民家庭人均猪肉消费量从30.5公斤降至26.6公斤,降幅达12.8%。肉类消费结构重构趋势持续深化,“猪肉独大”的传统格局加速改变。

供给周期各异

消费结构变迁是长期底层逻辑,2026年猪肉牛肉价格分化的直接诱因,是二者截然不同的供给周期与市场基本面:供强需弱拖累猪价低位运行,供给偏紧支撑牛价持续走高。

猪肉市场持续处于过剩状态。近年来,我国生猪产能稳步释放、养殖效率持续提升,叠加需求持续疲软,形成“供给放量、需求收缩”的失衡格局。国家统计局数据显示,2023年国内猪肉产量5794万吨;2025年增至5938万吨;2026年一季度猪肉产量1669万吨,同比增长4.2%,市场供给持续充裕。与此同时,终端销量低迷,全产业链从养殖、屠宰到批发零售普遍出现亏损,行业竞争进一步压低猪肉价格。受访猪肉批发商坦言,今年行业整体亏损,春季高价进货、当下低价出货,价差倒挂导致亏本经营,核心症结在于生猪产能过剩。

牛肉市场则呈现截然相反的供需态势,供给收缩成为价格上涨核心推手。中国农业大学经管学院教授、农业农村部肉羊监测预警首席专家肖海峰分析,今年4月以来牛肉价格稳步上行,8月起提速明显,核心源于国内产量下滑、进口增量受限。数据显示,上半年国内牛肉产量339万吨,同比下降1.0%;进口端受政策调控影响,今年起我国实施为期三年的牛肉进口配额管理,配额内关税12%,配额外加征55%关税,综合税率最高达67%,全年进口配额268.8万吨,目前多国配额即将用尽,内外供给双重收缩,推动牛价持续攀升。

当前市场分化行情已传导至产业链各环节。终端加工企业承压明显,山西平遥牛肉集团相关负责人孙卫国表示,今年玉米、豆粕等饲草料价格上涨推高养殖成本,企业目前暂未调价,主要通过上游直采、动态储备、自主扩养等方式对冲价格风险,后续将根据市场波动灵活调整经营策略。而猪肉产业链全链亏损、销量萎缩,行业正处于结构优化、产能出清的阵痛期。

针对市场普遍关注的“低价猪价是否拖累牛价”问题,多位专家明确予以否定。肖海峰通过计量模型测算证实,肉类间的消费替代效应客观存在,但当前猪牛市场供需格局差异悬殊,猪价低位运行不会改变牛价上行趋势,两者分化行情具备独立性、持续性。

中国人民大学公共管理学院教授、中国价格协会副会长许光建进一步总结分化成因:一是产能周期错位,生猪扩产快、产能过剩,肉牛养殖周期长、前期低价导致产能恢复缓慢;二是国际影响差异,牛肉进口配额与关税政策直接收紧外部供给,猪肉受国际贸易影响较小。

优化调控体系

立足中长期发展视角,我国肉类消费结构转型已成定局,这也对畜禽产业精准调控、全链提质提出更高要求。

当前,我国已建立成熟的生猪双向调控体系,实现事前源头调控与事后终端调控相结合。肖海峰介绍,我国生猪产业实行产能调控与储备调节双重机制,全国能繁母猪正常保有量目标从2021年4100万头左右,逐步调减至2024年3900万头左右、2026年3750万头左右,累计调减350万头、下降8.5%,精准适配消费减量趋势。

相较于成熟的生猪调控体系,肉牛产业仍存在周期长、扩产慢、调控弱的短板。业内专家建议,需针对性完善肉牛产业扶持政策,加快出台全国性能繁母牛补贴政策,遏制存栏下滑态势;通过金融扶持、饲草料补贴等举措,鼓励主体扩产增效,稳定国内供给。同时依托现有进口配额政策,保持牛肉进口规模稳定,平衡市场供需。对于生猪产业,需持续落实产能调控方案,引导养殖主体均衡出栏,有序出清低效产能,规避行业恶性竞争,稳定产业链盈利水平。

业内人士表示,本轮猪肉牛肉价格分化,既反映了我国畜禽养殖周期重构和消费结构迭代的深层逻辑,也对产业调控政策的精准性和有效性提出了更高要求。如何在尊重市场规律的前提下,通过产能调控、储备调节、进口管理等政策工具,防止价格大幅波动对产业链造成过度冲击,促进肉类产业实现品质提升和价值增长,将是未来一个时期需要持续关注和着力解决的重要课题。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 生猪产能将继续按照调控方案有序出清,2026年能繁母猪保有量将进一步降至3750万头左右。

    Likely · Within months

  • 牛肉价格在短期内将继续保持上涨趋势,但涨幅可能逐渐放缓。

    Possible · Within months

  • 居民人均猪肉消费量将继续下降,牛肉消费份额将稳步提升,城乡肉类消费差距将持续缩小。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 生猪产能调控的具体时间表和力度如何?
  • 肉牛产业扶持政策何时能够出台并见效?
  • 进口配额政策到期后,国内牛肉供给将如何应对?
  • 居民对高品质肉类的消费意愿是否会持续升级?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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