Breaking
INTLBuilding Collapse in Gaza Kills at Least 21, Including Six ChildrenINTLKosovo war crimes tribunal convicts former KLA leadersITGovernment approves the abolition of car tax for vehicles up to 80 kWINTLThree dead after NBC News helicopter crashes in Los AngelesJPStanford University team confirms functional recovery after transplanting human iPS cells into mouse brainsRURussian Defense Ministry Ready to Expand Defense Cooperation with IndiaFRMeta launches Meta One, a subscription service with AI features on its platformsINTLTrump's AI endorsement sparks rare backlash from his base on Truth SocialRUReaders of Daily Mail discuss the West's reaction to the incident with a Russian corvette and Danish helicopter in the Baltic SeaRUBlood test developed for early detection of pancreatic cancerINTLBuilding Collapse in Gaza Kills at Least 21, Including Six ChildrenINTLKosovo war crimes tribunal convicts former KLA leadersITGovernment approves the abolition of car tax for vehicles up to 80 kWINTLThree dead after NBC News helicopter crashes in Los AngelesJPStanford University team confirms functional recovery after transplanting human iPS cells into mouse brainsRURussian Defense Ministry Ready to Expand Defense Cooperation with IndiaFRMeta launches Meta One, a subscription service with AI features on its platformsINTLTrump's AI endorsement sparks rare backlash from his base on Truth SocialRUReaders of Daily Mail discuss the West's reaction to the incident with a Russian corvette and Danish helicopter in the Baltic SeaRUBlood test developed for early detection of pancreatic cancer
Back美國宣布部署太空武器:引發對太空軍事化與強權競爭的關注
美國宣布部署太空武器:引發對太空軍事化與強權競爭的關注
Developing
BBC中文1 hour agoDefense6 min readChinaView translation

美國宣布部署太空武器:引發對太空軍事化與強權競爭的關注

美國空軍證實已部署在軌太空武器,專家分析其可能具備電子戰或干擾能力,並指出太空軍備競賽已成常態。

Quick Look

美國空軍宣布已部署在軌太空武器以保護軍事資產,引發外界對太空軍事化及美、中、俄太空競爭的關注。專家推測該武器可能為非破壞性的電子戰平台,並指出各強權長期以來均在發展反衛星技術與交會鄰近操作能力。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

太空自1960年代起即成為軍事化領域,各國持續發展反衛星武器及交會鄰近操作技術。美國此次宣布部署太空武器被視為對現有太空軍事平衡的政治訊號。

Font size

美國宣布已在地球軌道部署一種太空武器,引發外界關注究竟有哪些武器已被部署在太空,以及它們可能在各大強權爭奪該領域主導地位的過程中扮演甚麼角色。

華盛頓方面在公告中透露的資訊不多。美國空軍部長特洛伊·邁因克(Troy Meink)表示,這種「在軌」武器對於保護美軍部隊免受敵對行動威脅是必要的,但並未透露該武器的能力細節,也沒有說明其何時進入軌道。

那麼,這種武器可能是甚麼?而太空軍事發展的整體情況又是如何?還有哪些國家可能擁有類似武器?

自太空時代開始以來,太空一直是一個軍事化領域。早在1960年代末,蘇聯就已在太空部署武器。其「衛星殲擊者」(Istrebitel Sputnikov, IS)計劃由多顆衛星組成,設計上可釋放爆炸彈體,產生大量碎片進入另一顆衛星(通常是美國衛星)的飛行路徑。

如今,先進軍事力量在太空部署衛星,用途廣泛,包括偵察、安全通訊、偵測導彈發射,以及為精確打擊提供定位資訊。

隨著戰爭日益科技化,分析人士預計太空軍事硬體的使用將持續增加。

英國皇家三軍聯合研究所(Royal United Services Institute, RUSI)軍事科學副研究員、杜倫大學(Durham University)太空政治學副教授布萊登·鮑文博士(Dr Bleddyn Bowen)表示,他只能對美國公布的這種武器作出推測。

他在BBC第四電台晨間新聞節目《今日》(Today programme, BBC Radio 4)中表示:「我預期這可能是一種電子戰或無線電干擾平台,屬於非破壞性的反衛星武器。」

他表示,這類武器在地球上已經存在,能夠干擾衛星通訊。「如果切斷無線電連結,那麼你的衛星幾乎就失去作用。」

鮑文也不排除另一類風險更高、破壞性更大的武器,其可能造成碎片和破壞。

他說:「較不可能的情況是某種動能殺傷載具,也就是可釋放彈體撞擊並摧毀衛星的載具。」

他補充說:「具備近距離檢查和抓取能力的衛星也是另一種可能。」

至於俄羅斯和中國等競爭對手是否已在軌道上部署類似武器,目前很難判斷。

前 RUSI 研究員、德國國際政治和安全事務研究所(Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP)研究員朱莉安娜·蘇斯(Juliana Suess)向BBC表示:「如果看中國和俄羅斯,兩國都曾展示過相關活動。」

「例如俄羅斯,我們曾觀察到一些跡象,顯示可能是在進行伴飛軌道武器測試。我們看到一些情況,似乎表明他們在軌道上發射過彈體作為測試。」

「還有其他例子,但在不了解美方(這件武器)具體細節的情況下,很難作出比較。」

然而,儘管部署在軌道上的這種武器可能不尋常,但美國,以及其俄羅斯和中國對手,長期以來都擁有可瞄準並發射至太空的武器。

在之後接受BBC訪問時,鮑文淡化了中國對美國公告的批評。中國曾警告太空軍備競賽風險,但鮑文形容這是「五十步笑百步」。

他說:「如果你早已熟悉這個領域⋯⋯你就知道俄羅斯和中國政府說這些話有多麼空洞。」

他補充說:「美國、俄羅斯、中國以及印度都已研發不同類型的反衛星或反太空武器,而俄羅斯和中國也已在太空部署大量具有武器潛力的技術。」

事實上,在過去10年間,俄羅斯和中國進行了更多被稱為交會鄰近操作(rendezvous and proximity operations, RPO)的太空機動行動,即靠近西方衛星飛行。

倫敦國王學院(King's College, London)俄羅斯國防與安全研究高級講師羅德·桑頓博士(Dr Rod Thornton)向BBC表示:「理論上,這些RPO衛星可以透過實體碰撞,或把對方推離軌道而成為獵殺衛星。」

鮑文補充說,中國已展示「太空拖船能力」。

他說:「一種載具可以靠近衛星,抓取它,並把它移動到另一條軌道。」

他表示,這項能力可能帶來正面效益,例如清除太空垃圾,同時也能使正常運作的衛星失去效能。

然而,某些類型的太空武器也可能產生大量太空垃圾。

倫敦國王學院太空安全與武器化專家馬克·希爾伯恩博士(Dr Mark Hilborne)表示,直接上升式反衛星導彈測試——例如中國於2007年進行的一次測試——會在軌道上留下大量碎片,而且持續時間極長。

蘇斯表示,那次測試產生的碎片至今仍在軌道上,依然具有危險性。

她說:「造成損害的不一定是巨大的金屬碎片。考慮到軌道運行速度,即使是一小塊塑膠也可能造成破壞。」

核威脅

桑頓表示,俄羅斯在太空武器和衛星數量方面的不足,是以導彈能力來彌補的。

他說:「俄羅斯擁有可從地面發射進入太空、攻擊低地球軌道衛星的導彈。他們也擁有反衛星導彈,可由飛機在高空發射。」

「從俄羅斯的角度來看,北約(NATO)擁有遠優於俄軍可調用數量的衛星,因此他們大力投資反衛星武器,以某種程度上『拉平戰場』。」

桑頓還提出一個令人警惕的想法:「作為最後手段,俄羅斯也可以向太空發射核武器,而電磁脈衝(EMP)爆炸會在廣大範圍內燒毀任何未經強化防護的衛星。」

那麼,太空爆發核衝突的可能性有多大?只有在地面也已經發生核衝突的情況下才有可能。

鮑文表示:「太空中可能發生的事情,實際上不會孤立出現。可能甚麼都不會發生,也可能會發生某些事情。」

既然用於太空的武器早已存在多年,為何美國此時才作出這項宣布?專家一致認為,這並非重大技術突破,而更像是一種政治訊號。

鮑文認為,這可能是對中國發展的一種回應。

他說,太空戰爭將涉及「向太空發射的導彈、專門設計用來推動或摧毀目標的機動衛星,以及地面雷射武器」。

Open Questions

  • 該武器的具體技術規格為何?
  • 該武器何時正式進入軌道?

Related Topics

This article was originally published by BBC中文.

Related Stories

The Economist: The United States and Taiwan promote the "Hell Scene" concept and use a large number of unmanned vehicles to deter China from attacking
Developing·

The Economist: The United States and Taiwan promote the "Hell Scene" concept and use a large number of unmanned vehicles to deter China from attacking

The British "Economist" reported that Taiwan and the United States are advancing the "hell scenario" concept and deploying a large number of sea and air unmanned vehicles to slow down China's invasion and buy time for the US military to intervene. However, both the United States and Taiwan face manufacturing bottlenecks such as insufficient production capacity, testing backlogs, and shortages of non-Chinese components.

自由时报
4 min read
The National Army verified the carrying capacity of the M1A2T combat vehicle. The 584th Brigade and the Third Branch completed the reinstallation and boarding operation.
Defense·

The National Army verified the carrying capacity of the M1A2T combat vehicle. The 584th Brigade and the Third Branch completed the reinstallation and boarding operation.

In order to verify the carrying capacity of heavy equipment, the Transportation Group of the Army's Third Regional Support Command recently collaborated with the 584th Brigade of the Allied Forces to carry out mounting and equipment fastening operations on an M1A2T tank weighing approximately 63 tons, and operated M1070A1 heavy-duty tractors and M1000 five-axle flatbed trucks to improve the logistics support efficiency of officers and soldiers.

自由时报
2 min read
For the first time, China Central Television disclosed the missile silo project in the western desert, admitting that it faced pressure to rush the project
Defense·

For the first time, China Central Television disclosed the missile silo project in the western desert, admitting that it faced pressure to rush the project

In a documentary on the 99th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army, China Central Television disclosed for the first time that Rocket Force engineers talked about the construction of missile silos in the western desert, revealing that they faced pressure to rush the work. This batch of facilities, which have been exposed by satellite images since 2021 and cover places such as Yumen in Gansu and Hami in Xinjiang, has once again aroused the outside world's attention to China's strategic nuclear weapons capabilities.

自由时报
3 min read
U.S. Navy awards Boeing $562 million contract to mass produce MQ-25A unmanned tanker
Developing·

U.S. Navy awards Boeing $562 million contract to mass produce MQ-25A unmanned tanker

The U.S. Navy officially awarded Boeing a US$562 million contract to launch low-rate initial production of the MQ-25A "Stingray" unmanned tanker. The first three aircraft are expected to be delivered in 2029, marking the aircraft's transition from research and development to mass production. It will reduce the refueling burden of the F/A-18E/F and expand the combat radius of the aircraft.

自由时报
2 min read
South Korea will purchase 20 more MH-60R helicopters for a total price of 3.24 trillion won
Developing·

South Korea will purchase 20 more MH-60R helicopters for a total price of 3.24 trillion won

The South Korean Defense Industry Agency has approved the purchase of a new batch of MH-60R "Seahawk" anti-submarine helicopters and will purchase 20 of them from Lockheed Martin of the United States for a total amount of 3.24 trillion won. The deployment is planned to be completed by 2032. The Chinese Navy once planned to purchase the same type of aircraft, but due to price delays, it has recently been rumored to be re-promoted, but there has been no official announcement from the United States.

自由时报
2 min read
More on this topic太空武器