
尼泊爾強烈要求中國共享跨國水文與冰川數據
中國雅魯藏布江下游水電工程正式動工,引發下游國家對水資源安全與地質災害的擔憂。該工程因涉及國家機密拒絕公開環評,且被指可能破壞雅魯藏布大峽谷的脆弱生態與生物多樣性,並對下游印度與孟加拉國造成潛在威脅。
AI-generated summary
雅魯藏布江下游水電工程規劃裝置容量約6000萬瓩,於2025年7月正式動工。該工程因位於地質災害高發區及敏感生態區,引發國際社會對環境與下游安全的廣泛關注。
全球暖化加速了高海拔冰川的退縮與失穩,山體滑坡與冰崩誘發複合型堰塞湖潰決,已成為青藏高原與下游尼泊爾等南亞國家的共同噩夢。8月下旬,尼泊爾因嚴重的冰川崩塌與山洪爆發,導致慘重的傷亡事件。在這場跨國災難後,尼泊爾向中國提出了共享跨國水文與冰川數據的強烈要求,訴求點是數據共享不足恐妨礙他們預測和準備應對重大災害的能力。
據報導,雅魯藏布江大峽谷區域正處於印度板塊與歐亞板塊強烈碰撞的構造縫合,是印度板塊與歐亞板塊碰撞的重要構造帶,為「全球地質災害發生率最高之一」,地震、滑坡、崩塌等地質災害高度活躍。
據悉,雅魯藏布江下游水電工程(雅下工程)規劃估算,裝置容量約6000萬瓩,年發電量約3000億度,年發電量約為三峽電站的3倍,相當於英國一年用電量。在2025年7月正式動工後,作為下游國家的印度,對水資源安全與潛在的洪枯威脅展現出極高的焦慮,今年8月,要求中國共享雅魯藏布江資料。
但雅下工程爭議還有另一層:中國準備改造的不是一般河谷,而是雅魯藏布大峽谷。
《法國國際廣播電台》刊登的評論指出,若依聯合國教科文組織世界遺產標準衡量,大峽谷在特殊自然景觀、地球演化與地質過程、生態演化及珍稀物種棲地等方面,都具備高度符合四項自然遺產標準的條件。
外媒指出,雅下工程最大的爭議,或許不是它能發多少電,而是選在中國生物多樣性最敏感的區域動工,5座梯級電站可能從根本改變河流原本的連通性。
資料顯示,雅魯藏布大峽谷國家級自然保護區面積達91.68萬公頃,集中分布中國約13%的維管植物、約20%的陸生脊椎動物。
中國官方證實,這項工程將採「截彎取直、隧洞引水」方式開發。這意味著,部分天然河段的流量、流速、水溫與泥沙輸送都可能隨之改變;只是目前各梯級壩址、引水距離以及生態流量安排並未完整公開。
此外,儘管中國官方大力宣揚「為魚開道」與天價保育設施,但在高海拔、大落差與強水流的高寒環境下,傳統的人工魚道存在無法克服的致命盲點。對此,專家指出,雅魯藏布大峽谷正是一條極特殊的「魚類分界線」,即使蓋了魚道,也不是所有魚都能順利通過。
根據2024年一項針對雅魯藏布江水系高海拔魚道的研究,追蹤5種當地魚類後發現,向上游通過魚道的效率只有31.0%,向下游為61.7%。
雅下工程已經正式開工,但外界至今看不到一份最關鍵的文件「完整環評」。據報導,2025年8月,有人向中國生態環境部申請公開雅下工程《環境影響報告書》及環評批覆,得到的答覆是相關文件涉及「國家秘密」,不予公開。
專家指出,大壩建成後,大量的泥沙被截留於庫區,導致下游水流下切加劇、河床劇烈沖刷,營養物質斷絕,水文與泥沙機制的破壞,將順流而下引爆連鎖反應,不僅會徹底改寫雅魯藏布江大峽谷段的脆弱生態,更將嚴重衝擊下游印度平原乃至河口三角洲的農業與濕地環境。
對於雅下工程,外媒和環評專家有著許多疑問,但當中最有張力問題,其實藏在中國官方的開工新聞裡。據報導,中國官方隆重宣佈雅魯藏布江下游水電工程正式開工,但當時包括新華社的各大官媒在開工通稿中,對最核心的工程細節卻避而不談,僅以極其籠統的文字提及「5座梯級電站、截彎取直、隧洞引水」,並沒有列出電站具體壩址座標、大壩高度、水庫容量以及施工邊界。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
下游國家將持續要求中國公開水文數據。
Very likely · Within months

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