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Back特朗普政府对华政策转向缓和,为中国争取宝贵喘息时间
特朗普政府对华政策转向缓和,为中国争取宝贵喘息时间
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纽约时报中文网1 hour agoWorld2 min readChinaView translation

特朗普政府对华政策转向缓和,为中国争取宝贵喘息时间

Quick Look

特朗普政府对华政策出现缓和迹象,关税和出口管制有所松动,为中国争取时间应对房地产危机、地方财政压力并增强经济韧性,同时为明年秋季中共二十大做准备,专家认为这种喘息有助于中国推进技术自给自足战略。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

特朗普政府上台初期对华采取高压政策,包括提高关税和实施技术出口限制,但随后出现缓和迹象,为中国争取时间应对国内经济挑战。

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对于中国及其最高领导人习近平而言,这场在华盛顿举行、显著缺乏对抗色彩的峰会带来的最大收获或许很简单:时间。

这是一段应对房市崩盘的时间,这场危局已蒸发了数以千万计中国家庭的积蓄;这是一段理顺地方财政的时间,随着土地出让收入锐减,地方政府普遍面临资金匮乏;这也是一段让中国进一步提升抗压能力的时间,使其面对美国及其他工业化国家的经济施压时不再脆弱。

而最具深远意义的是为明年秋季召开的五年一度的中共全国代表大会做准备。届时大会将产生新一届高层领导集团,在习近平的领导下开展工作。

上海复旦大学知名美国问题学者吴心伯表示:“通过力求稳定对美关系,中国能够将精力更好地集中于国内的核心议题。”

去年特朗普刚刚重返白宫的时候,北京恐怕不会奢望能获得如此宝贵的喘息空间。

在竞选期间,特朗普曾誓言对中国进口商品加征极高关税,以期重塑美国的工业基础。就职仅三个月后,他一度将关税增至145%,同时其政府还实施了新一轮严苛的对华技术贸易限制。

然而,这场正面交锋并未向北京最初担忧的方向演变。

中国展现出了自身掌握的经济反制手段,其中最为关键的是其对汽车、电子产品及武器制造不可或缺的稀土金属与磁体的主导地位。

在北京收紧对美稀土出口后,华盛顿撤回了部分最为激进的举措。关税自高位回落,部分出口管制得到松绑,两国政府开始就一系列临时休战展开谈判。

两国间的经济边缘博弈仍在延续,特别是在人工智能与机器人等新兴产业领域。不过,特朗普政府已从执政初期不同寻常的局势升级策略转向了一种对抗性较低的相处模式;在这种模式下,中国同样证明了自身具备给美国经济造成重创的能力。

如今,许多美国国内的中国问题专家认为,特朗普政府对北京采取的政策比许多民主党和共和党领袖所主张的立场更具妥协色彩。

曾在小约瑟夫·R·拜登政府担任驻华大使、并在小布什政府中身兼要职的R·尼古拉斯·伯恩斯指出:“在我看来,当前的政策显得过于软弱,且与两党资深领导人的共识背道而驰。”

因此,在特朗普第二任期初期,中美贸易摩擦一度对中国构成严重威胁,但如今已不再是北京亟待解决的燃眉之急。然而,北京并未放慢技术与能源对外依赖度这一既定战略的步伐。

乔治城大学教授、奥巴马政府国家安全委员会前亚洲事务高级主任麦艾文(Evan Medeiros)分析道:“他们渴望赢得时间和稳定,因为这有助于他们打造一个更有韧性、更自给自足的经济体系。这为他们减少对美风险敞口争取了时间。”

二十年来,北京始终贯彻以本土生产替代高科技进口的坚定政策。这一政策的推行助力中国成为了从电池、太阳能电池板到电信设备、电动汽车等众多领域的主导生产国。这不仅降低了中国面对外部经济施压时的脆弱性,也让其他工业化国家日益依赖中国关键原材料与工业品的供给。

在能源自给自足方面,北京同样采取了类似的战略。其在电动汽车、风电与光伏以及国家电网构建上的巨额投入,降低了对进口化石燃料的依赖,帮助本国经济躲过了因伊朗战争引起的高油价与能源短缺冲击。

中国亦在高效利用贸易局势缓和带来的喘息之机。

自特朗普重返白宫以来,中国的整体贸易顺差大幅攀升,有望追平甚至突破去年约1.2万亿美元的历史纪录。中国出口商迅速开辟东南亚、拉丁美洲等新市场,降低了对美国的直接依赖;与此同时,大量商品正通过第三方国家间接输往美国消费者手中。

财政部长斯科特·贝森特在峰会开幕时透露,美中双方已同意将贸易休战期延长至明年1月10日。中国商务部随后确认了延长休战的决定,但未指明具体截止日期。

这一相对短期的休战延长,或许反映出北京方面的策略盘算:随着时间的推移,其谈判筹码可能会进一步增强,特别是在共和党若在中期选举中遭遇重挫的情况下。

麦艾文指出:“届时谈判的门槛将发生改变,因为特朗普将陷入被动,在对华交锋中处于弱势,对中国的需求也会比现在更加迫切。”

对美国谈判代表而言,休战延期使他们能够在中期选举结束后继续争取尽快达成全面协议。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中美贸易休战将在明年1月10日前后继续延长或转为正式协议

    Likely · Within months

  • 中国将利用这段时间进一步推进稀土、半导体等关键领域的自给自足布局

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 中美贸易休战延长后是否会达成长期协议?
  • 中国能否在喘息期间充分巩固其技术和能源自给自足成果?
  • 共和党在中期选举中的表现将如何影响后续对华谈判?

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This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

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