
国务院印发《全民健身计划(2026—2030年)》,部署‘十五五’时期全民健身高质量发展。文章指出当前国民健身重有氧轻力量,肌肉流失问题突出,抗阻训练虽有益但存在损伤风险。通过引用研究数据和专家建议,强调科学开展抗阻训练的重要性,提出训练前评估、动作规范、循序渐进负荷、训练中呼吸与姿态控制、训练后恢复营养等预防措施,倡导‘未病以防’理念,呼吁个体科学训练与社会协同改善健身环境,推进体医融合,让抗阻训练真正成为增益健康的良药。
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国务院印发《全民健身计划(2026—2030年)》,部署‘十五五’时期全民健身高质量发展。当前国民健身存在重有氧轻力量的倾向,久坐人群与中老年人肌肉流失问题突出,肌少症、体能偏弱、亚健康等问题日渐显现。
近期,国务院印发《全民健身计划(2026—2030年)》,对“十五五”时期推动全民健身事业高质量发展作出部署。我国全民健身也在不断从追求参与数量,向更加注重锻炼质量与实际健康效益转变。抗阻运动,被视作提升大众肌肉储备、延缓肌肉流失的重要运动方式。
抗阻训练是让肌肉在负重或阻力作用下发展力量的一种锻炼方式。网络流行语“撸铁”是抗阻训练的一种重要形式。有氧运动主要提升心肺能力,而抗阻训练在保存肌肉量、维护身体机能、延缓衰老失能方面具备不可替代的作用。长期坚持抗阻训练,不仅有助于力量、肌肉量、骨密度等健康指标的改善,还对高血糖、高血脂、高血压等现代社会常见慢性病有正向改善效果。但当前国民健身普遍存在重有氧、轻力量的倾向,久坐人群与中老年人肌肉流失问题突出,肌少症、体能偏弱、亚健康等问题日渐显现,仅依靠走路、慢跑等有氧运动,难以有效维持人体肌肉储备。
抗阻训练是一把双刃剑。面对日益高涨的全民健身热情,“撸铁”虽日渐流行,但背后潜藏的损伤风险不容忽视。如何推动抗阻训练更加科学、安全地服务于大众健康,做好运动损伤的科学预防,是落实健康中国战略进程中一项重要且严肃的议题。
科学开展的抗阻训练,运动损伤风险并不高。此前研究表明,每1000小时抗阻训练相关的损伤为0.24至1例。而跑步的每1000小时跑步相关的损伤最低为2.5例(一项针对长跑运动员的研究),最高为33.0例(一项针对新手跑者的研究)。但脱离科学规范的盲目训练,会显著抬升损伤发生概率。器械砸伤、肌肉拉伤、关节扭伤、肌腱炎等急性损伤,以及部分过度使用引发的慢性损伤,不仅会干扰日常生活,严重情况下甚至危及生命。
国际体育医学期刊《运动医学》指出,抗阻训练较常出现不适或损伤的部位主要集中在肩部、腰背部和膝部。诱发抗阻训练损伤的原因有很多,可简单归纳为三类:动作不规范、负荷提升过快、机体恢复不足。这类过度使用性损伤,例如肩峰撞击综合征,并非瞬时形成,多由推举动作不规范长期累积所致。腰部肌肉拉伤与椎间盘损伤,也和深蹲、硬拉练习的动作质量密切相关。训练过程中若腰背部无法保持平直,出现弓背姿态,腰部便会承受额外的力学压力,进而引发腰部不适乃至损伤。此外,抗阻训练应当恪守循序渐进的负荷原则,切忌急于求成,贸然挑战超出自身能力的大重量。人体肌肉的适应速度通常快于肌腱与韧带,仓促提升训练负荷,极易造成肌腱、韧带的急性损伤。
“未病以防”是中华传统医学的智慧精髓。中医强调“治未病”,落实到抗阻训练领域,就是要将损伤预防贯穿在训练前、训练中、训练后的完整过程中。
训练前,首先,应对自身身体状况开展评估,厘清是否存在陈旧性损伤、关节疼痛以及慢性疾病等情况。其次,“撸铁”有技巧,不可仅凭蛮力开展练习,练习者应当掌握杠铃深蹲、硬拉、卧推等动作技术要点。最后,抗阻训练切忌盲目效仿他人,并非所有抗阻动作都适用于全部人群。例如,肩关节存在功能障碍者不宜开展颈后拉练习,颈前拉相对更为安全;脊柱侧弯或椎间盘病变人群,不建议进行大重量抗阻训练,可选择坐姿蹬腿或单腿蹲练习。
训练中,第一,要恪守循序渐进原则,从自身能够标准完成的负荷起步,待机体适应后再增加次数、审慎加重,为肌肉、肌腱和神经系统留出适应周期。第二,动作质量优先于训练重量。以硬拉为例,应维持躯干腰背稳定,动作明显偏移仍强行完成会引发机体代偿,诱发运动损伤。第三,不必片面追求训练力竭。力竭训练未必带来更多收益,反而容易引发动作失控。组间应预留充足恢复时间,大重量训练可适度延长间歇。第四,掌握规范呼吸技巧,结构性练习可适度憋气,非结构性练习发力时呼气,应规避长时间屏气,心血管疾病人群尤需注意血压波动风险。第五,学会识别机体信号:肌肉酸胀疲劳属于正常反应;连续训练状态低迷应及时休整;训练出现疼痛应立刻停止,必要时接受专业检查康复。
训练后,可借助泡沫轴、按摩缓解肌肉紧张,配合静态拉伸恢复肌肉长度,防范慢性损伤。充足休息与营养补给亦不可或缺,肌肉在训练结束后依靠休息与营养完成修复强化。恢复不足会降低训练质量,增大损伤概率。膳食应适量摄入肉、蛋、奶等优质蛋白;高质量睡眠助力肌肉重建、激素调节与神经系统修复。
肌肉机能的提升并非朝夕之功,运动损伤却可能由一次不当训练引发。“未病以防”并非因顾虑损伤而回避抗阻训练,而是帮助我们最大限度降低运动损伤风险。
想要让科学抗阻训练惠及更多大众,既离不开个体掌握规范的训练方法,也需要多方协同营造良好的健身环境。我们还应强化抗阻运动科普,完善社区普惠力量健身设施,为群众提供锻炼条件。同时持续推进体医融合,落实运动处方相关服务,不断健全科学健身指导,优化全民运动结构,让抗阻训练真正成为增益健康的良药。(作者:周爱国 李骁騉,分别系北京体育大学体能训练学院教授、传媒学院讲师)
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
社区普惠力量健身设施将在‘十五五’时期得到显著增加
Likely · Within years
体医融合中的运动处方服务将在基层医疗机构逐步推广
Possible · Within years

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