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Back吃饭时这一个小改变,竟能延缓衰老、调节血糖、血脂!真的超简单
吃饭时这一个小改变,竟能延缓衰老、调节血糖、血脂!真的超简单
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中国新闻网15 minutes agoHealth4 min readChinaView translation

吃饭时这一个小改变,竟能延缓衰老、调节血糖、血脂!真的超简单

Quick Look

文章指出,适当保持饥饿感通过间歇性禁食等方式可调节血糖血脂、提升精力、延缓衰老、调节免疫,并提供科学、可持续的饥饿保持方法,强调避免极端节食,根据个人情况调整饮食结构与进食节奏。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

文章结合中国居民膳食指南(2022)和国际研究(如约翰霍普金斯大学、密歇根大学),探讨适度饥饿感对健康的益处,强调科学、可持续的饮食调整方式。

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吃饭时这一个小改变,竟能延缓衰老、调节血糖、血脂!真的超简单

我国有句老话叫:“吃饭七分饱,健康活到老”,现代科学研究表明,适当保持一些“饥饿感”,真的更有助于身体健康。

适当饿一点

好处竟然这么多

1调节血糖、血脂

约翰霍普金斯大学马克·马特森(Mark Mattson)团队的系统性分析研究发现,间歇性禁食、保持适度饥饿感可以通过代谢转换来改善血糖调节,在动物和临床试验中都表现出降低糖尿病风险的作用。

具体来说,间歇性禁食能够让人体供能方式从依赖肝糖原分解葡萄糖,转变为依赖脂肪酸氧化及酮体供能,从而达到平稳血糖、分解脂肪的目的。

国内外其他研究结果也显示,间歇性禁食带来的饥饿感能通过多种机制调节脂肪酸代谢,促进脂肪酸分解和抑制合成,对控制血脂、预防心血管疾病很有益处。

2提升精力

吃饱就犯困,这不是错觉,而是事实——这主要和血糖波动有关。

我们进餐后,尤其是吃精制碳水化合物(精米白面)后血糖会迅速上升。高血糖促进血清素分泌,带来镇静效应;同时,胰岛素水平上升,大量葡萄糖进入细胞,血糖快速下降,加剧疲劳感;高血糖刺激下一些炎症因子释放也会让人更疲乏,过量葡萄糖还有可能使自由基增加,损伤线粒体,降低人体产能效率。这一套组合拳下来,想不困都不行。

但如果少吃一点、“别吃太饱+别吃太精”,如用玉米、红薯、杂粮饭代替米饭、馒头,这类食物升糖速度慢,饱腹感强,不容易导致餐后困倦。

3延缓衰老

早在1997年就有研究者指出:限制热量、减少食物摄入能降低有害自由基对身体的伤害,起到延缓衰老、延长寿命的作用。近期,密歇根大学的一系列研究证实,减少进食量(或者仅仅是感到饥饿),就能起到延缓果蝇衰老的效果。这可能是由于饥饿使其大脑神经元基因表达发生变化,影响了衰老过程。

另一些研究结果则发现:长时间、适度减少能量摄入使健康成年人脂肪组织中衰老相关蛋白表达减少,衰老速度减缓 2%~3%;适当限制进食对抑制老年人大脑衰老速度也有积极影响,显著改善其记忆力和执行功能。

4调节免疫

2025年4月的一项研究结果显示,当感到饥饿时,小鼠通过大脑神经系统对免疫细胞加以控制,使血液中免疫细胞快速重组,炎症单核细胞明显减少,维持免疫稳态。研究者认为,适度饥饿可能通过此机制调节和增强免疫力,但不可过度饥饿。

正确保持“饥饿感”

关键在于适度+搭配

看到这里,很多朋友是不是想马上开始限制饮食?生活中还有很多人为了减肥,一天只吃非常少的一点。

别急,不够科学的限制饮食弊大于利。像“16+8”限时进食和隔日禁食方案,就被发现可能增加脱发风险,建议大家采取温和、可持续的“饥饿保持法”。

如何更温和、可持续?以下4个关键点需要了解。

第一,要明白保持饥饿的限度是什么。

根据《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》建议,健康轻体力劳动者男性每日需要 2250kcal 热量,女性约 1800kcal。大家可以用各种 APP 或小程序检视自己一日热量摄入,如果高于推荐量,可以减少至推荐量或酌情往下浮动 300~500 千卡(强脑力劳动者耗能多,不应下浮太多),循序渐进最佳。

不过,不提倡60岁以上老年人、婴幼儿、青少年儿童、孕产妇等人群盲目减少能量摄入。

老年人消化吸收能力差,长期、过度限制饮食可能导致肌肉流失、营养不良等。婴幼儿、青少年儿童处在生长发育期,能量消耗很大,过度限制饮食会影响其生长发育,带来诸多不利影响。孕产妇、乳母需要孕育胎儿、分泌乳汁,不仅不能过度限制饮食,还需根据饮食情况适当增加营养。

此外,糖尿病患者限制饮食可能诱发低血糖,若需要,应该在医生或营养师指导下谨慎开展。

第二,要正确选择食物、合理搭配。

想保持适度饥饿感又不会难以忍受或营养不良,一定要多选择高蛋白、高膳食纤维的食物,不仅可以增强饱腹感、延迟饥饿时间,还能确保血糖血脂正常,肌肉不流失、维持免疫力正常。

比如用燕麦、鹰嘴豆、煮玉米、红薯南瓜等替代 1/3~1/2 精米白面主食,再加入清淡的卤牛腱、清蒸/煮鱼虾、鸡蛋、牛奶酸奶、低盐豆干、坚果等高蛋白食物以及新鲜蔬果,绝对能让你吃得好、吃得“饱”,就像给身体装了“慢燃发动机”,热量缓缓释放不罢工。

少食多餐、健康零食也是很好的方法:每餐只吃七八分饱,两餐之间选择无糖酸奶、水果或低盐低油魔芋制品作加餐,可以很好地抵抗“饥饿感”。

细嚼慢咽虽是老生常谈,但真能降低食量——人类大脑在进食 15 分钟后才开始接收“吃饱”信号,如果吃太快,就极有可能“塞太多”而不自知。

第三,分清“馋”和“饿”。

有时候我们吃东西只是因为馋而非饿,对不对?

那就需要逐步给自己建立一个外置大脑“提醒者”,每次想进食时,这个提醒者就跳出来拦一道,让我们恢复 2~3 秒理智,想想是因为饿,还是因为馋。

另外,保持规律饮食、情绪平和也有助于对抗因为馋或不良情绪引发的进食。安顿好三餐和心情,会让我们觉得自己被照顾得还不错,也就不会想着通过放肆进食来弥补胃和心的亏空。

适当运动也能控制旺盛的食欲,这不仅是内啡肽对情绪的积极影响,也是运动带来的“掌控感”让我们更信任自己,更自律。

第四,“保持饥饿感”的方案,要因人而异。

不必盲从某种“保持饥饿”方案,要根据自己的饮食锻炼习惯、生活作息等,选择保持“饥饿”的时机和程度,一旦身体有不适反应,就该立刻调整。

比如,过午不食让你胃不适,那就规律三餐+每餐进食量减少 10% ;5:2 间歇性禁食难以坚持,那就试试每天晚餐减少 1/3~1/4 。唯有适度、适合自己的才是最好的。

最后提醒大家两点:

1. 无论采取哪种控制饮食、保持饥饿的方法,其本质是限制热量摄入,而非“压缩食量”——吃一块小蛋糕摄入的能量远高于一碗杂粮饭。看起来吃得“少”不等于真“吃得少”。

2. 保持饥饿感千万别走极端,过度饥饿不仅会使基础代谢率降低,还会影响免疫力、认知能力、情绪状态等。而且,过度饥饿状态下,很容易遵从本能选择高热量、低营养的食物。细水长流、能舒适地坚持,才是获得饥饿感益处的前提。

希望大家都能吃得健康,享受营养均衡又适度饥饿的三餐四季。

策划制作

作者丨王璐 注册营养师 中国营养学会会员

审核丨阮光锋 科信食品与健康信息交流中心副主任 中华预防医学会健康传播分会委员

策划丨杨雅萍

责编丨何雨濛

(来源:科普中国微信公众号)

Open Questions

  • 不同人群(如糖尿病患者、老年人)长期保持适度饥饿感的具体安全阈值是多少?
  • 文章提到的免疫细胞重组机制在人体中的具体通路和持续时间是否已获证实?
  • 在实际操作中,如何精准判断个体的‘适度饥饿感’程度以避免过度或不足?

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